What is Russian transcription? Basic rules of transcription. Examples of phonetic transcription of words

Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies the sound system of language and speech sounds in general. Phonetics is the science of combining sounds in speech.

Phonetic analysis, or sound-letter, is an analysis of the structure of syllables and sound system words. This analysis is proposed to be performed as an exercise for educational purposes.

Analysis means:

• counting the number of letters;
• determining the number of sounds in a word;
• placement of stress;
• distribution of sounds into consonants and vowels;
• classification of each sound;
• compiling a transcription (graphic form of a word).

When parsing, it is important to distinguish between the concepts of “letter” and “sound”. After all, the first ones correspond spelling rules, and the second - speech (that is, sounds are analyzed from the point of view of pronunciation).

Before you begin sound-letter analysis, you should remember

There are ten vowel sounds in the Russian language:

The first five indicate that the preceding consonant is hard, and the second five indicate that the preceding consonant is soft.

And twenty-one consonants:

voiced unpaired sounds	[Y’]	[L]	[M]	[H]	[R]
voiceless unpaired	[X]	[Ts]	[H']	[SCH']
voiced doubles	[B]	[IN]	[G]	[D]	[AND]	[Z]
deaf pairs	[P]	[F]	[TO]	[T]	[SH]	[WITH]

Voiced consonants are those that are formed with the participation of sound, and unvoiced ones are formed with the help of noise. Paired consonants are those consonants that form a voiceless/voiced pair. For example, [B]/[P], [V]/[F], [G]/[K]. Unpaired - those that do not form pairs: [L], [M], [P].

When analyzing a word phonetically, it is worth remembering that the consonants [Ч'], [Ш'], [И'] are always soft, regardless of which vowel forms a syllable with them. The consonants [Zh], [Sh] and [C] are always hard.

[Y’], [L], [L’], [M], [M’], [N], [N’], [P], [P’] - sonorous sounds. This means that when pronouncing these consonants, the sound is formed mainly by the voice, but not by noise. All sonorants are voiced sounds.

The Russian alphabet also contains the letters b and b. They don't make sound. b (soft sign) serves to soften the consonants after which it is placed. Kommersant ( solid sign) has a separating function.

Rules for parsing sounds

1. Transcription is written in square brackets: .
2. The softness of the sound is indicated by the symbol “’”.
3. Before deaf people, voiced consonants are deafened: nails - [nokt’i].
4. The sounds [s], [z] in word prefixes are softened: to separate - [raz’y’ed’in’it’].
5. Some consonants in words are not readable: bone - [inert’].
6. The combination of the letters “sch”, “zch” is read as “sch”: happiness - [sch’ast’y’e].
7. A doubled consonant is designated “:”: gradual - [past’ip’en:y’].

Sample sound-letter analysis of a word

1. Write the word according to spelling rules.
2. Divide the word into syllables.
3. Indicate the stressed syllable.
4. Say the word out loud and perform a transcription based on this.
5. Describe the vowel sounds in order, indicate which of them are stressed and which are unstressed. Describe the consonants. Describe them: paired/unpaired, voiced/voiceless, hard/soft.
6. Count the number of sounds and letters in a word.

§ 2. Oral, sounding speech, which is the object of the study of phonetics, differs from written speech, which records sounding speech in letter designations. The sound is pronounced and the letter is written.

The same letter can convey different sounds; for example, in the word rose the letter o conveys the sound [o], and in the word mountain the same letter conveys the sound [ㆄ] (see § 25). On the other hand, the same sound can be conveyed by different letters. For example, the sound [t] at the end of a word is conveyed by the letters t and d: phonetically [cat] - orthographically cat and code; phonetically [roth] - orthographically gender and mouth. The number of letters in a word does not always correspond to the number of sounds. So, for example, the word mother has four letters, but three sounds: [m], [a˙], [t’]; the word hedgehog has two letters, but three sounds: [j], [˙о], [ш].

To convey spoken speech in writing, a special notation is used that is different from the orthographic one. This recording is called phonetic transcription. Phonetic transcription is a recording of speech sounds taking into account their positional changes in the speech stream (see § 23–32). The transcription uses the letters of the Russian alphabet, with the exception of [j], as well as the special sign [ㆄ], see § 4. Characteristic feature Phonetic transcription is the use of diacritics (superscript and subscript) marks. Transcribed words or individual parts thereof, as well as individual sounds, are enclosed in straight brackets. Stress is indicated in transcribed words.

§ 3. To write consonant sounds, the letters p, b, t, d, s, z, v, f, k, g, x, zh, sh, c, ch, l, m, n, p, j are used. In addition, the following diacritics are used: a comma at the top right of the letter (n’); horizontal bar above the letter (『); cap under the letter (〭); the bow above the letter combination (дㆀз), as well as the letters on the left above the line (ts; t’ch).

A comma at the top right of the letter denoting a consonant signifies the softness of the consonant; for example [p’]: [p’el], [s’]: [s’ate], [v’]: [v’e]ra.

A horizontal line above the letter denoting a consonant indicates the length of the consonant; for example [『]: wa[『]a (spelling bath), [〙]: [〙ыт] (spelling stitched), [〇]: [〇at] (spelling compressed).

The cap under the letters denoting the consonants [m], [n], [l], [r], means their deafening at the end of a word after voiceless consonants or before voiceless consonants; for example [〭]: drah[〭], [〬]: po[〬]k.

The bow above the letter combination means the continuously pronounced sound indicated by this combination; for example [dㆀz]: ote [dㆀzㆃb]y (spelling father would), [dㆀzh’]: do [dㆀzh’ㆃb]y (spelling daughter would).

The letter on the left above the line means a long shutter, that is, a delay in the articulation of a consonant before the explosion; for example [ts]: o|ts|epit.

The softness of the long shutter is indicated in the same way as the softness of the consonant; for example [t'ch]: o|t'ch|islit.

§ 4. To write vowel sounds, the letters a, o, u, i, ы, e, e, ъ, ь, and also are used special signㆄ. The letters ы, е are used to denote the sounds [ы], [е], which are pronounced in the stressed position after a solid consonant (including [ш], [ж], [ц]): [у]л, [шы]л ( spelling sewed), [zhy]l (spelling

Lived), [ts]pki; [de]ka, [she]rst, [zhe]rd, [tse]l. The letters ъ(ер), ь(ерь) are used to designate reduced (weakened) sounds (see § 26–27), pronounced in the second, third pre-stressed and post-stressed syllables: after a hard one - [ъ] (for example, l[ъ ]bovoy, according to ㆃs[ъ]du, spelling according to the garden), after soft - [b] (for example, [l'ь]sovod, according to ㆃ[l'ь]su). The sign ㆄ is used to indicate the sound [ㆄ], which is pronounced in the first pre-stressed syllable after a hard consonant or at the absolute beginning of a word in the second and third pre-stressed syllables: s[ㆄ]dy (spelling gardens), r[ㆄ]zit (spelling. strike), v[ㆄ]zit (spelling: carry), [ㆄ]ziatskiy (spelling: Asian). In addition, the following diacritics are used to record vowel sounds: a dot at the top right of the letter (a˙); dot at the top left of the letter (˙a); two dots above the letter (ㆆ); cap above the letter (ê); a horizontal line under the letter (i), as well as the letters e and e at the top right of the letter (ie; е).

The dot at the top to the right of the letters a, o, u, e, s means a change in vowels in position before the soft consonant: [ra˙t'] (spelling army), [ko˙n'] (spelling horse), [ru˙ l'] (spelling rudder), [zh˙]est (spelling tin), [ry˙s'] (spelling lynx).

The dot at the top left of the letters a, o, u means a change in vowels in position after a soft consonant: [р'˙а]са (spelling cassock), [l'˙ot] (spelling ice), [р'˙у] mka (spelling glass).

Two dots above the letters a, o, u mean a change in vowels in the position between soft consonants: [п'ㆆт'] (spelling five), [п'ㆊ]sik (spelling doggie), [л'ㆋ'] di (spelling people).

The cap is above the letters e, and means the closed nature of vowels in the position between soft consonants, as well as at the beginning of a word before a soft consonant: [p'êt'] (spelling sing), [s'㆏n']ii (spelling blue) , [êt']i (spelling these), [㆏l']i (spelling or).

The horizontal line under the letters i, ы, у is used to indicate vowel sounds in an unstressed position: [i]gra, [ty]ly, t[u]da.

The letter e is at the top right of the letter and means the sound [ie], pronounced in the first pre-stressed syllable after a soft consonant: [p'ie]ti (spelling five), [n'ie]sti (spelling carry).

The letter e at the top to the right of the letter s means the sound [ые], pronounced in the first pre-stressed syllable after hissing and c, as well as in the second and third pre-stressed syllables at the absolute beginning of the word: sh[ые]sti (spelling six), zh[ые] stoky (spelling cruel), ts[ye]kidney (spelling chain), [ye]tazh (spelling floor), [ye]tazhi.

§ 5. When transcribing the text, additional signs are also used: an arc under the line between the words ([inㆃ house]); slash between syntagmas (/).

The bow under the line between the words means the continuous pronunciation of two words (independent and auxiliary) that make up a phonetic word (see § 137), for example [fㆃ s’t’iep’i].

A slash means a possible division of the text into syntagms (intonation-semantic segments; see § 154).

Example of transcribed text.

Near the wide steppe road, called the big road, a flock of sheep spent the night. Two shepherds guarded her. One, an old man of about eighty, toothless, with a trembling face, was lying on his stomach near the road, his elbows resting on the dusty leaves of the plantain; the other, a young guy with thick black eyebrows and no mustache, dressed in the kind of clothes used to make cheap bags, was lying on his back, with his hands under his head, and looking up at the sky, where just above his face there was a Milky Way and the stars were dozing (A.P. Chekhov).

[уㆃ shyrokj s't'iepno˙j dㆄro˙g'i / nzyva˙jмъj bㆄl'shym shl'˙akhъm / njchieval ㆄtar ㆄv'ets / s't'r'iegl'i jiej ˙o two shepherds / 'ㆄdin / stㆄr'ik l'et vㆄs'm'㆏d'bs't'i / b'ie〈ubi˙j / z ㆃdrㆄzha˙〙'im l 'itsom / l'iezhal nj zhyvㆄt'e uㆃ samj dㆄro˙g'i / pъlㆄzhyf loct'i nㆄㆃ dust˙l'ny˙j l'㆏s't'jj padㆄrozhn 'ikk / other˙j / mъlㆄdo˙j pa˙r'n' zㆃ thick˙m'i black˙m'i brㆄv'ㆉm'i and b'iezusy˙j / ㆄd' ety˙j vㆃ r'iedno isㆃ kㆄtorv shj˙ut d'ieshovy˙j m'ieshk'i / l'iezhal nㆃ sp'ㆍn'e / pjlㆄzhyf ru˙k'i pㆄd ㆃ golvu / i gl'ied'el 〃'erkh nㆄㆃ n'eb / gd'e nㆄdㆃ the most jievo face t'ienuls' ml'êchnyj put˙t' / and dr'iema˙l 'and z'v'˙zdy]

Starting to teach foreign language, a person is faced with the need to pronounce new words correctly. Unlike Slavic languages, in which most words are read according to certain rules, in English there are quite a few exceptions to the rules for reading words. Phonetic transcription of words will help you pronounce and read words correctly. And although it often seems that this is a complex concept, it is actually very simple once you understand this issue.

The concept of phonetic transcription

Phonetic transcription is a way of graphically recording sounds oral speech. The transcription is incredibly accurate and is based on correct pronunciation. To achieve this, each transcription character has a corresponding graphic symbol, and each symbol, in turn, is associated with a clearly defined sound.

With the help of transcription, it is possible to record in writing not only the pronunciation of sounds and words, but also sentences and texts.

Basic rules of transcription

1) First of all, the transcription is always recorded in special square brackets: .

2) If the transcribed word has two or more syllables, stress must be placed.
3) If two words are read together, this is recorded in phonetic transcription using the league icon: [in_house].
4) Capital letters are not written in the transcription.
5) If a sentence or text is transcribed, punctuation marks are not added. Instead, they are replaced with slanted vertical lines / (if the pause is short, like a comma), // (for a longer pause), like a period or semicolon.
6) The softness of a consonant is indicated in transcription using an apostrophe placed to the right of the letter.
7) A non-syllable sound is shown with an arc underneath it.
8) The length of a sound is indicated using a colon [a:], sometimes using a horizontal line above the letter.
9) To write words, there is a specially developed international phonetic alphabet, which is based on Latin letters, as well as some icons taken from the Greek alphabet.

10) Slavic languages Cyrillic can also be written in Cyrillic letters (this applies to East Slavic languages).

Transcription in Russian

Despite its apparent simplicity, Russian transcription has a lot of nuances, without knowledge of which it will be difficult to correctly write down the transcribed word. Transcription in Russian is subject to general transcription rules, but there are additional features.

1) Consonant sounds are written using all consonant Cyrillic letters of the alphabet, with the exception of й and ь.
2) Ъ and ь do not indicate sounds, so they are not written down in transcription.
3) The sounds [th] and [h] are always soft, so in transcription they are not indicated by a softness symbol.
4) The sounds [sh], [zh], [ts] are always hard, although in rare cases the letter z can produce soft sound[zh"]. If they are followed by the letter e, it is written in transcription as [e]: “ts[e]thread.”
5) The letter u, in transcription it is the sound [sh:"] or [sh"].
6) If vowels are stressed, they are pronounced clearly and written using six symbols: [a], [u], [o], [i], [e], [s].
7) Diphthongs yu, ya e, ё designate two sounds and are written in transcription respectively [yu], [ya], [ye], [yo], provided that they are either at the beginning of the word or after a vowel, ь or ъ , in other cases - after consonants - they designate one sound [u], [a], [e], [o], with the designation of the previous consonant soft.
8) The letter and after the separating ь becomes a diphthong and its transcription is [йы] - mura [в "ы".
9) J in the transcription of some words is written as [j], for example “cha[j]ka”.
10) The letters o and a, at the very beginning of a word or in the first syllable without stress in transcription, sound like [a], but the sign [^] is used to write them.
11) After soft consonants in syllables without stress, the letters e and i will be written in transcription as a peculiar sound [ie]: [r’ieb’ina] - “rowan”.
It is interesting that in most Russian dictionaries the transcription of words is not indicated, so you need to either learn how to do it yourself, or use the services of online resources that do it.

Transcription in English

If Russian transcription can be written in either Latin or Cyrillic alphabet, then English transcription always written using the Latin IPA alphabet. It is also subject to rules and symbols common to all languages ​​for transcribing words. However, unlike Russian, the pronunciation of English words has a more historical tradition and is often not subject to rules. In such cases, transcription is the only way to pronounce the word correctly. Therefore the majority English words in dictionaries they are written with transcription. The table below shows the main symbols used in the transcription of English words.

Knowing what phonetic transcription is is very important, because this knowledge allows anyone not only to correctly read a word in a foreign language, but also to correctly pronounce words in their native language.

Rules and signs fonetictranscriptions 1

The phonetic recording of Russian words and texts is made using letters of the Russian alphabet.

The transcribed word form or text is enclosed in square brackets.

In phonetic notation, punctuation marks and a sign for transferring part of a word form to another line are not placed, since phonetic transcription does not convey the structure of the text, but a sound wave. The text is divided into phonetic phrases and syntagms, or speech beats. Each phrase and syntagma represents a sound "distance", a wave between two pauses. The latter are indicated in transcription by either one vertical line / - a short pause (this is how syntagmas are separated), or two // - a longer pause (this is how phrases are separated). At the end of the phonetic notation, two vertical lines are placed (before the bracket) as a sign of the cessation of the sound flow.

The initial sound of the syntagma, as well as all proper names, are expressed in lowercase letters.

Stress placement on stressed syllables is required.

An auxiliary word placed before a significant word ( proclitic) or after it ( enclitic) is written next to it (without a space) separated by a dash, because they represent one phonetic word. A one- or two-syllable unstressed significant word can also be written, pronounced with adjacent significant words as one phonetic word. For example: [know' is-kn'ik], [remove" sj-st-lá], [kk-y-f-pol'] – as in the field, [vzh-dom] – your home.

One of general rules phonetic transcription - one letter should convey only one sound. Two different signs can be considered the same letter with different superscript (diacritical) marks, for example, á and a – the first sign denotes the stressed sound [a], the second – the unstressed sound [a] in the absolute position beginning of a word, for example: [akná], [arbat], [atákα], etc.; [t] and [t’], [z] and [z’], etc. – different designations for hard and soft paired consonant sounds, etc.

The main signs of phonetic transcription are the letters of the Russian alphabet. All letters are used except two-digit (iotized) E, E, Yu, I , consonants of the letters Ch, Ts, Shch, as well as the letters Y. The signs b and b in transcription are used in a different function: they denote strongly reduced vowels of the middle row of the middle rise [ъ] after hard consonants and the front-middle row of the upper-middle rise [ь ] after soft ones.

Instead of the letters Ts n Ch, denoting fused sounds (affricates), the letter combinations [tˆs] and [t "ˆsh") are used, which more accurately convey the specifics of the formation of these sounds, and the superscript chamber("bow") denotes the continuous nature of their pronunciation.

Instead of the letter Ш, denoting a long soft hissing sound, the length of which can be shortened in the flow of speech, the letter Ш is used with superscripts conveying the acoustic nature of this sound - [ш':], for example, [ш':ит], [ш ':ottka], etc. If the longitude in the flow of speech is reduced, then the longitude sign is not placed in the transcription, for example, [borsh’], [khvosh’].

In addition to the letters of the Russian alphabet, additional letters and signs are used in transcription:

α – Greek letter “alpha” to denote the unstressed vowel [a] after a consonant in the absolute position end of the word, for example: [óknα], [sóntˆsα] – sun, [v’is’olʹία] – cheerful;

 – a sign to indicate an unstressed vowel in the position of the first pre-stressed syllable (not an absolute beginning) after a hard consonant, an allophone of phonemes<а>And<о>([trvá], [vlá]), hyperphonemes<а/о>([sbákα]) ;

[j] and [ί] – iot and i-decimal to indicate allophones of a phoneme< j >in strong [j] and weak [ί] positions;

[γ] – the Greek letter “gamma” to denote the voiced allophone of a phoneme<х>in the position before a voiced consonant at the junction of morphemes within a word ([tr'oγgrshovyί] - three-penny, [t'ˆsh'tyr'oγgrán:yί] - tetrahedral, etc.) or at the junction of word forms ([ vdóγ deep'i] - deep breath, [m'e"γ d'ishovy] - cheap fur);

The following diacritics are used in transcription:

acute - accent mark (ó, á, i, ы, ý, е), " – side stress (о, а);

a vowel letter above a vowel letter is a designation of the oversound (shade) of a given vowel sound: i e, e i, ы e, e ы, оь, оь, etc., for example: [she y snátˆs't'], all [o b] further, less, but better;

’ – apostrophe – a sign of the softness of consonant sounds [t’], [d’], [k’], [l’], [r’];

¯, : – longitude signs of a consonant within a word or at the junction of two words; the sign ¯ is placed above the consonant letter, and the sign: – after it: [más: α], [v'i e s'en': iί], [ras:or'itˆsα], [mаtrol:ьр] ;

ˆ – chamber – a sign that is placed to indicate the continuous nature of the affricate: [tˆs], [t’ˆsh’].

1 N. A. Lukyanova. Modern Russian language: Lectures on phonetics. Novosibirsk: NSU, 1999. pp. 88–90.

Phonetic transcription- a graphic recording of the sound of a word, one of the types of scientific transcription. Phonetic transcription is written in square brackets, in contrast to phonological transcription, written in oblique brackets.

· When writing, one letter can convey two sounds ( e g) or, conversely, two letters - one sound (gru zch ik). In transcription, each sound always has its own special sign (possibly with an indicator of softness): [ jo w], ["gru w j: bk].

· In written speech, after soft consonant sounds, instead of a, o, u, e, the letters i, e, yu and e are written, the softness of the consonant at the end of the word is indicated by a special letter ь ( soft sign). In transcription, the softness of a consonant is always indicated in the same way - by the sign ʲ after a soft consonant: mother[mate j]. The softness of unpaired soft consonants [х j] and [ш j:] is also always indicated in transcription. The only exception is the designation in the transcription record of the palatal (and therefore, by definition, soft) consonant [j] - it is not customary to put the sign ʲ with it.

If in written graphics the stress mark is placed only in special publications (in dictionaries, textbooks for foreigners, children's literature), then in transcription the stress is necessarily marked (with the sign ˈ before the stressed syllable) when there is more than one syllable in a word. Additional (side) accents are also indicated - with the sign of the lower apostrophe ˌ: water pipes[ˌrightˈhere].

· In graphics, a letter, obeying the rules of spelling (spelling), often does not convey the sound that is pronounced in the word (side, hedgehog). For a transcription sign, there is only one rule - to record the pronounced sound as accurately as possible, taking into account its difference from all other sounds: [bаˈvoј], [Иош].

· There is no special designation in writing for unstressed vowel sounds. In the words “pencil”, “baggage”, “near”, for example, the same letters are written to indicate vowels, both stressed and unstressed, although the sounds are pronounced differently: in unstressed syllables they are weaker and shorter, and also in some cases completely differently than in percussion. However, this difference can be conveyed by different allophones - for example, there are several variants of the phoneme “a” in Russian phonology: ʌ, æ, ɑ and a.

In transcription, it is necessary to emphasize this difference either with different notations and an accent mark ([k'arandash]), or only with an accent mark and the absence thereof, since unstressed [a] and [i] in two-syllable words have not undergone qualitative changes: [baˈgash], [vbl j иˈз j и].

· Sounds that have undergone quantitative reduction can be denoted by the same signs as stressed sounds, but without the stress sign; however, to denote reduced vowels, which have consequently lost their special quality, not only the signs adopted to denote other vowels are used, but also some special characters: [ъ] (er) and [ь] (er). They only visually coincide with the letters, which in graphics do not represent sounds at all, but have other functions.

· In writing, the longitude of those consonant sounds, which in Russian can only be long, is indicated in a special way: one of the two noisy consonants, which are always soft and long, is indicated by the letter sh (sound [sh j:]), the second sound, [zh j:], does not have a special letter to designate it.

Long sounds formed in Russian by the combination of two identical consonants are denoted by two identical letters (kassa); however, the phenomenon in which the combination of two different consonants produces one long sound (count) does not affect the writing in any way. In transcription, the duration of consonant sounds is sometimes indicated by a colon to the right of the sound ([zh j:], [w j:], [ˈkas: a]). In textbooks you can find another designation for the longitude of a sound: a horizontal line above the corresponding transcription sign or two identical signs ([ˈkas̅a], [ˈkassa]). In academic practice, a horizontal line is preferred.

· The concept of “word” in written graphics and in transcription is not the same thing. In written graphics, it is an independent or auxiliary part of speech (the preposition in is also a word and is written separately); in transcription, it is a phonetic word, that is, a single whole consisting of a sequence of syllables with one organizing center - a stressed syllable. Thus, prepositions, particles, conjunctions pronounced together with other words are also written in transcription together and with the designation of all the changes that have occurred with the sounds that make them up: to school [ˈfshkola], with him [ˈs j n j im], I would ask [ask j il'p], behind the river [z'r j iˈkoј], down the mountain [ˈpodg'ru].

16. Supersegmental units of speech (syllable, stress, intonation)
Accent− this is the selection in speech of one or another unit in a sequence of homogeneous units using prosodic means. Depending on which unit it corresponds to, stress is distinguished:

verbal (highlighting one of the syllables in a word),

· phrasal or syntagmatic - highlighting one of the words in a phrase by strengthening the verbal stress that unites different words in one sentence. Phrasal stress usually falls on the stressed vowel last word in the final speech beat (syntagm)

· logical (semantic selection of one of the words in a phrase or syntagm). Emphasis, which consists of highlighting a certain part of a sentence (usually a word), on which the speakers focus their main attention. Logical stress is observed in cases where the content of speech requires special emphasis on certain parts of the statement. With the help of logical stress, one or another word is usually highlighted in a sentence, important from the logical, semantic side, on which all attention should be concentrated.

emphatic (Greek) emphatikos"expressive"), emotional. Isolating part of a word using phonetic means to emphasize the emotional side of the word: long pronunciation of stressed vowels (blue-o-bchik), long pronunciation of consonants (r-r-revolutionary). Emphatic stress reflects the speaker’s emotions, his affective state.

Basic functions of accent:

· culminating, that is, ensuring the integrity and isolation of a word by highlighting its apex (just as the syllabic nucleus represents the apex of a syllable at a lower level of the hierarchy of prosodic units, and a phrasal accent, highlighting one of the words in the syntagm, at a higher level);

· significative (meaning-distinguishing), that is, distinguishing identical segmental sequences (sushý – sýshu, etc.);

· delimitative (delimitative). Stress can be an indicator of word boundaries, especially in languages ​​where it always falls on the same syllable of the word - for example, last, as in French, first, as in Czech, or penultimate, as in Polish.

· Word-forming function: phonetic combination of a word. Russian words have only one main (acute) stress, but Difficult words In addition to the main one, they can also have a secondary, side (gravity) stress: cf. rural And agricultural. The recognition function of word stress is also associated with the word-forming function, which allows you to recognize the word, since the word is characterized by non-two-stress.

Intonation-– is a change in the fundamental tone when pronouncing one or another unit of language - a sound, syllable, word, phrase, sentence. This is the totality of all supersegmental means of language (actual intonation, stress, etc.):
1) melody, i.e. movement of tone in a phrase,
2) Various types accents,
3) pauses, i.e. breaks of varying duration in the sound,
4) voice timbre, which plays an important role, especially in emotional coloring speech.
Functions of intonation:
The most important function of intonation is related to the expression of the purpose of the statement: it characterizes it as a message, question, objection, appeal, etc.
1) Intonation divides the speech flow into semantic segments, contrasts sentences according to the purpose of the statement (interrogative, motivating, narrative)

2) Expression of the actual division of the sentence (theme and rheme)

3) Intonation details semantic relationships: intonation of enumeration (Houses, streets are flooded with light), clarifications (Elder sister, Nadya, graduated from school), clarifications, introductions (The letter must have been sent) separations, appeals, etc.

4) Expression of emotional expressive coloring – exclamation, not exclamation.

Functions of intonation can be divided into:

1) basic
design, that is, the transformation of words (nominal units) into statements (communicative
units);
dividing the flow of speech into linear units different levels of complexity and autonomy;
selection of one or another unit from among homogeneous ones;
2) secondary
modal (contrasting statements by their purpose, for example statement/question);
emotional (expression of the speaker’s attitude towards the statement).

Syllable. Types of syllables

A syllable is a sound segment of speech in which one sound stands out with the greatest sonority in comparison with its neighbors - the preceding and subsequent ones.

Depending on the quality of the sounds included in the syllable and their sequence, they are distinguished following types syllables:

Covered– syllables starting with a consonant; ba-ton

Uncovered- syllables starting with a vowel sound; aorta

Closed– syllables ending with a consonant; there, barking

Open- syllables ending with a vowel sound. wa-ta
18. Intonation, its components (melody, pause, tempo)

Intonation is the rhythmic and melodic pattern of speech. Intonation is a complex phenomenon, which includes the following components: 1) frequency of the fundamental tone of the voice (melodic component); 2) intensity (dynamic component)

3) duration, or tempo (temporal component) 4) timbre.

From a purely linguistic point of view, two main types of intonation should be distinguished in languages.

1. With intonation of the first type, the very meaning of the word, its original and basic meaning, changes. Intonation of this kind is characteristic of languages ​​such as Chinese, Japanese and others. So in Japanese the word "su" can mean nest or vinegar, depending on the nature of the intonation, the word hi - "day" or "fire". In these cases, intonation more or less dramatically changes the meaning of the word and acts as the most important factor in the language system.

2. Intonation of the second type has less independent meaning than intonation of the first type. Intonation of the second type only gives the word additional meaning, which usually does not dramatically change its meaning, as well as the meaning of the entire sentence. This intonation is characteristic of Indo-European languages.

Related information.