What is literal analysis of a word. How to do sound-letter analysis of a word

Before moving on to phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of a text is conveyed or a conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning; we perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters out loud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every schoolchild knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called the Cyrillic alphabet. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: b ( soft sign) and ъ (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not themselves define any sound units.

You often pronounce sounds in phrases differently from how you write them in writing. In addition, a word may use more letters than sounds. For example, “children’s” - the letters “T” and “S” merge into one phoneme [ts]. And vice versa, the number of sounds in the word “blacken” is greater, since the letter “U” in in this case pronounced [yu].

What is phonetic analysis?

We perceive spoken speech by ear. By phonetic analysis of a word we mean the characteristics of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, with phonetic analysis, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter parsing, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, it is correctly written:

• black -> [h"orny"]
• apple -> [yablaka]
• anchor -> [yakar"]
• Christmas tree -> [yolka]
• sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special symbols. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish the letter notation (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• The phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets – ;
• a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign [’] - an apostrophe;
• percussive [´] - accent;
• in complex word forms from several roots, the secondary stress sign [`] - gravis is used (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Ё, ь and Ъ are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
• for doubled consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic and phonetic and analysis of words with examples online, in accordance with general school standards of the modern Russian language. Professional linguists' transcriptions of phonetic characteristics are distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowel and consonant phonemes.

How to make a phonetic analysis of a word?

The following diagram will help you carry out letter analysis:

• You write necessary word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants there are in it.
• Indicate the stressed syllable. (Stress, using intensity (energy), distinguishes a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate them total. Remember that syllable division in is different from the rules of transfer. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In the transcription, sort the word by sounds.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• Opposite each letter in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya”, “i” can represent 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and indicate its properties separated by commas:
  • for a vowel we indicate in the characteristic: vowel sound; stressed or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: consonant sound; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorant, paired/unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-dullness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic analysis of a word

Here is a sample phonetic analysis of the composition for the word “phenomenon” → [yivl’e′n’ie]. In this example there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-n-e. The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristics of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorant [i] - vowel, unstressedv [v] - acc., paired hard, paired sound l [l'] - acc., paired soft., unpaired . sound, sonorant [e′] - vowel, stressed [n’] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired sound, sonorant and [i] - vowel, unstressed [th] - consonant, unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed________________________In total, the word phenomenon has 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter “I” and the last “E” each represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationships and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What sounds are there?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, can be stressed or unstressed. The consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian living speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonant sounds and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many people have a reasonable question: why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does it vary? total number sounds and letters, both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, softness-hardness pairs:

• [b] - cheerful and [b’] - squirrel;
• or [d]-[d’]: home - to do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h’] will always be soft. If you doubt it, try to say it firmly and make sure it is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, little rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution our alphabet has not reached dimensionless proportions, and sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in Russian words

Vowel sounds Unlike consonants, they are melodic; they flow freely, as if in a chant, from the larynx, without barriers or tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you try to pronounce a consonant, the more energetically you will close your mouth. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word form can only fall on the vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowel sounds are there in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six shock sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [u], [s]. And let us remind you that there are ten letters: a, e, e, i, o, u, y, e, i, yu. The vowels E, E, Yu, I are not “pure” sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words by letter, the emphasis falls on the listed letters.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the force of exhalation, increased duration of sound and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to carry out. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains its basic form is called strong position. This position can only be occupied by a stressed sound and a syllable. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

• The vowel in a stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more clearly, with greatest strength and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In the Russian language, only one phoneme “U” retains unchangeable phonetic properties: kuruza, tablet, u chus, u lov - in all positions it is pronounced clearly as [u]. This means that the vowel “U” is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “U”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´ch’], etc.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, “O” is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when the unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [kaka "o], patio [pa"tio], radio [ra"dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, the conjunction but. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “ё” - [o]: thorn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. It will also not be difficult to analyze the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words

It is possible to make a correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of a vowel only after placing stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: za"mok - zamo"k and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm home [ya do "ma].
• New houses [no "vye da ma"].

IN unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, pronounced differently than written:

• mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
• he - online = [o "n] - [a nla"yn]
• witness line = [sv’id’e “t’i l’n’itsa].

Such changes in vowels in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And high-quality reduction, when the characteristics of the original sound change.

The same unstressed vowel letter can change its phonetic characteristics depending on its position:

• primarily relative to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• V naked syllables(consist of only one vowel);
• on the influence of neighboring signs (ь, ъ) and consonant.

Yes, it varies 1st degree of reduction. It is subject to:

• vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable;
• naked syllable at the very beginning;
• repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n’iz’d’e’shn’ii].

(uncovered syllable)+(2-3 pre-stressed syllable)+ 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → over-stressed syllable (+2/3 over-stressed syllable)

• vper-re -di [fp’ir’i d’i´];
• e -ste-ste-st-no [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in:a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all post-stressed syllables during sound analysis are classified as reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called a “weak position of the second degree.”

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t’];
• model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
• swallow [la´-sta -ch’ka];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i´-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in stages: second, third (after hard and soft consonants - this is beyond curriculum): learn [uch’i´ts:a], become numb [atsyp’in’e´t’], hope [nad’e´zhda]. During letter analysis, the reduction of the vowel in the weak position in the final open syllable (= at the absolute end of the word) will appear very slightly:

• cup;
• goddess;
• with songs;
• turn.

Sound-letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], Ya - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotized. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

When analyzed phonetically, the vowels e, e, yu, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of the words “Yo” and “Yu” are always:
  • - shudder [yo´ zhyts:a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’nyy], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], container [yo´ mcast’];
  • - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], top [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], nimbleness [yu ´rkas’t’];
• at the beginning of the words “E” and “I” only under stress*:
  • - spruce [ye´ l’], travel [ye´ w:u], huntsman [ye´ g’ir’], eunuch [ye´ vnukh];
  • - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
  • (*to perform sound-letter analysis of the unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in the position immediately after the vowel “Yo” and “Yu” always. But “E” and “I” are in stressed and unstressed syllables, except in cases where these letters are located after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd unstressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples in specified cases:
  • - receiver [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sings t [payo´t], klyyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
  • -ayu rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], I sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
• after the dividing solid “Ъ” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” is always, and “E” and “I” are only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
• after the dividing soft “b” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” is always, and “E” and “I” are under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ga], family [s'em'ya´ ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stress is of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the sound-letter analysis of the remaining iotized ones and see how they can still change characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels“E” and “I” designate two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of the word:
  • - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yil´vyy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], him [yivo´], fidget [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
  • - January [yi nvarskiy], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye vrap'io´idnaya], Evgeniy [ye] vgeny, European [ye vrap'e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rkhiya, etc.).
• immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • in a timely manner [svai vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi w:a´t'], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi ts], students [uch'a´sh'iyi s'a], with sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
  • bark [la´yi t'], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi c], belt [po´yi s], declare [zayi v'i´t'], show [prayi in 'l'u´]
• after the dividing hard “Ъ” or soft “b” sign: - intoxicating [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [syi dobny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by “ecane”, and the Moscow school is characterized by “hiccup”. Previously, the iotrated “Yo” was pronounced with a more accented “Ye”. With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow norms in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel “I” the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is voiced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].

Important:

The letter “I” after the soft sign “b” also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. ( This rule relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of online sound-letter analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [na ku´r'yi' x" no´shkah], rabbit [kro´l'ich'yi], no family [s'im 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi]. But: Vowel “O” after a soft sign. “b” is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavilion n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, chignon n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillot tina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels “Yu” “E” “E” “I” form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the designated letters give one sound when:

• sound units “Yo” “Yu” “E” are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: zh, sh, ts. Then they represent phonemes:
  • ё - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online analysis by sounds: yellow [zho´ lty], silk [sho´ lk], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'itse´ pt], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she'rshen'], parachute [parashu't];
• The letters “I” “Yu” “E” “E” and “I” indicate the softness of the preceding consonant [’]. Exception only for: [f], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
  • ё – [o]: ticket [put'o´ fka], easy [l'o´ hk'iy], honey fungus [ap'o´ nak], actor [akt'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´nak];
  • e – [e]: seal [t’ul’e´ n’], mirror [z’e’ rkala], smarter [umn’e´ ye], conveyor [kanv’e´ yir];
  • I – [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
  • yu – [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel “E” does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do a phonetic analysis of the composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without a preceding apostrophe of softness: hotel [ate´ l'], strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n:is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet].
• Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels “E” and “I” undergo qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (except for [ts], [zh], [sh]). Examples of phonetic analysis of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i´t], forest [l'i sno´y], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [p'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lie [l'i ga´t'], five grater [p'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonants of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in the Russian language. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or ringing appears in the voice.

How many consonants are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet they are designated by 21 letters. However, when performing sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonant sounds more, namely 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are the consonant sounds?

In our language there are consonants:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b’]: b anan - b tree,
  • [in] - [in’]: in height - in yun,
  • [g] - [g’]: city - duke,
  • [d] - [d’]: dacha - dolphin,
  • [z] - [z’]: z von - z ether,
  • [k] - [k’]: k onfeta - to enguru,
  • [l] - [l’]: boat - l lux,
  • [m] - [m’]: magic - dreams,
  • [n] - [n’]: new - nectar,
  • [p] - [p’]: p alma- p yosik,
  • [r] - [r’]: daisy - row of poison,
  • [s] - [s’]: with uvenir - with urpriz,
  • [t] - [t’]: tuchka - t ulpan,
  • [f] - [f’]: f lag - f February,
  • [x] - [x’]: x orek - x seeker.
• Certain consonants do not have a hard-soft pair. Unpaired ones include:
  • sounds [zh], [ts], [sh] - always hard (zhzn, tsikl, mouse);
  • [ch’], [sch’] and [th’] are always soft (daughter, more often than not, yours).
• The sounds [zh], [ch’], [sh], [sh’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - voiceless, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the voicedness-voicelessness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and the participation of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorant (l, m, n, r, y) are the most sonorous phonemes, in them a maximum of voices and a few noises are heard: l ev, rai, n o l.
• If, when pronouncing a word during sound analysis, both a voice and noise are formed, it means that you have a voiced consonant (g, b, z, etc.): plant, b people, zh.
• When pronouncing voiceless consonants (p, s, t and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is made: st opka, fishka, k ost yum, tsirk, sew up.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: stop (b, p, d, t) - cleft (zh, w, z, s) and method of articulation: labiolabial (b, p, m) , labiodental (f, v), anterior lingual (t, d, z, s, c, g, w, sch, h, n, l, r), midlingual (th), posterior lingual (k, g, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Tip: If you're just starting to practice spelling words phonetically, try placing your hands on your ears and saying the phoneme. If you were able to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is voiceless.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget our friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat some soup? - Fi! - similarly, the indicated replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonants in Russian

The consonant sound, just like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter phonetically can represent a different sound, depending on the position it occupies. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is compared to the articulation of a consonant located next to it. This effect makes pronunciation easier and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation according to deafness and voicedness applies. The voiced paired consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of a phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [klu´p];
• before voiceless consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], obkh vatit [apkh vat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
• doing a sound-letter analysis online, you will notice that the voiceless paired consonant standing before the voiced one (except for [th'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n'], [r] - [r']) is also voiced, that is, replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a voiceless noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [z] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter “G” is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings “-ogo”, “-ego” of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant “G” is transcribed as the sound [v]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e´lava], sharp, full, former, that, that, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school curriculum on phonetics, this process is called consonant contraction: separate [ad:'il'i´t'] → the letters “T” and “D” are reduced into sounds [d'd'], besh smart [b'ish: u ´much]. When analyzing the composition of a number of words in sound-letter analysis, dissimilation is observed - the opposite process to assimilation. In this case it changes common feature for two adjacent consonants: the combination “GK” sounds like [xk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l’o′kh’k’ii], soft [m’a′kh’k’ii].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, an apostrophe [’] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before “b”;
• the softness of the consonant sound in a syllable in writing will help determine the vowel letter that follows it (e, ё, i, yu, i);
• [ш'], [ч'] and [й] are only soft by default;
• The sound [n] is always softened before soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'itseen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve[n'z'] el, licé[n'z'] iya, ka[n'd'] idat, ba[n'd'] it, i[n'd'] ivid , blo[n'd'] in, stipe[n'd'] iya, ba[n't']ik, vi[n't']ik, zo[n't']ik, ve[n' t'] il, a[n't'] ical, co[n't'] text, remo[n't'] edit;
• the letters “N”, “K”, “P” during phonetic analysis of their composition can be softened before the soft sounds [ch'], [sch']: glass ik [staka'n'ch'ik], smenschik ik [sm'e ′n'sch'ik], donch ik [po'n'ch'ik], masonry ik [kam'e'n'sch'ik], boulevard [bul'va'r'sh'ina], borscht [ borsch'];
• often the sounds [z], [s], [r], [n] before a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e'nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform sound-letter analysis, take into account the exception words when the consonant [r] before soft teeth and labials, as well as before [ch’], [sch’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter “b” after a consonant unpaired in hardness/softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during letter analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiceless consonants before hissing consonants and their transcription during sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiceless: [d-t] or [z-s] before sibilants (zh, sh, shch, h) are phonetically replaced by a sibilant consonant.

• Literal analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: arrival [pr'ie'zhzh ii], ascend [vashsh e´st'iye], izzh elta [i´zh elta], take pity [zh a´l'its: A].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. When performing sound-letter analysis of a word, you must denote one of the repeated sounds in the transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

• Letter combinations with a hissing “szh” - “zzh” are pronounced like a double hard consonant [zh:], and “ssh” - “zsh” - like [sh:]: squeezed, sewed, without a splint, climbed in.
• The combinations “zzh”, “zhzh” inside the root, when parsed in letters and sounds, are written in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I ride, I squeal, later, reins, yeast, zhzhenka.
• The combinations “sch”, “zch” at the junction of a root and a suffix/prefix are pronounced as a long soft [sch’:]: account [sch’: o´t], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of the preposition with the following word in place of “sch”, “zch” is transcribed as [sch'ch']: without number [b'esh' ch' isla´], with something [sch'ch' e'mta] .
• During sound-letter analysis, the combinations “tch”, “dch” at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [ch':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], good fellow [little-ch': ik], report [ach': o´t].

Cheat sheet for comparing consonant sounds by place of formation

• сч → [ш':]: happiness [ш': а´с'т'е], sandstone [п'ish': а´н'ik], peddler [vari´sch': ik], paving stones, calculations, exhaust, clear;
• zch → [sch’:]: carver [r’e’sch’: ik], loader [gru’sch’: ik], storyteller [raska’sch’: ik];
• zhch → [sch’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ sch’: ik], man [musch’: i´na];
• shch → [sch’:]: freckled [in’isnu’sch’: ity];
• stch → [sch’:]: tougher [zho’sch’: e], biting, rigger;
• zdch → [sch’:]: roundabout [abye’sch’: ik], furrowed [baro’sch’: ity];
• ssch → [sch’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t’], became generous [rasch’: e’dr’ils’a];
• thsch → [ch'sch']: to split off [ach'sch' ip'i′t'], to snap off [ach'sch' o´lk'ivat'], in vain [ch'sch' etna], carefully [ch' sch' at'el'na];
• tch → [ch’:]: report [ach’: o′t], fatherland [ach’: i′zna], ciliated [r’is’n’i′ch’: i′ty];
• dch → [ch’:]: emphasize [pach’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
• szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t’];
• zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t’], kindle [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t’];
• ssh → [sh:]: brought [pr’in’o′sh: y], embroidered [rash: y’ty];
• zsh → [sh:]: lower [n’ish: y’y]
• th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, doing a sound-letter analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs about'], no way [n'e′ zasht a], something [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
• th → [h't] in other cases of letter parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] etc;
• chn → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, as well as in female patronymics ending in “-ichna”: Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
• chn → [ch'n] - letter analysis for all other options: fabulous [ska´zach'n y], dacha [da´ch'n y], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n y], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
• !zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, double pronunciation and transcription [sch’] or [sht’] is allowed in the word rain and in the word forms derived from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in Russian words

During the pronunciation of an entire phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the spelling of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. Number of sounds in similar phonetic words will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T" - in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sn y], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, one can perform a phonetic analysis of the words staircase, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
  • stl → [sl]: happy [sh':asl 'i´vyy"], happy, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and postlat, in them the letter “T” is pronounced);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g'iga´nsk 'ii], agency, presidential;
  • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], to eat up [take´s: a], to swear I [kl’a´s: a];
  • sts → [s:]: tourist [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, Hindu, careerist;
  • ntg → [ng]: x-ray en [r’eng ’e´n];
  • “–tsya”, “–tsya” → [ts:] in verb endings: smile [smile´ts: a], wash [my´ts: a], looks, will do, bow, shave, fit;
  • ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of a root and a suffix: childish [d’e´ts k’ii], bratskiy [bratskyi];
  • ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete [sparts: m’e´n], send [atss yla´t’];
  • tts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratz a [bra´ts: a], father epit [ats: yp'i´t'], to father u [k atz: y´];
• “D” - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [zn]: late [z'n'y], star [z'v'ozn'y], holiday [pra'z'n'ik], free [b'izvazm' e′know];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
  • NDsk → [NSK]: Dutch [Galansk ’ii], Thai [Thailansk ’ii], Norman [Narmansk ’ii];
  • zdts → [ss]: under the bridles [fall uss s´];
  • ndc → [nts]: Dutch [galans];
  • rdc → [rts]: heart [s’e´rts e], serdts evin [s’irts yv’i´na];
  • rdch → [rch"]: heart ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
  • dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsed soundly, the word is written as double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t'], twenty [dva´ts: yt'] ;
  • ds → [ts]: factory koy [zavac ko´y], rods tvo [rac tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods k [k’islavo´ts k];
• “L” - in combinations:
  • sun → [nz]: sun [so´nts e], solar state;
• “B” - in combinations:
  • vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello, go away], feelings about [ch'ustva], sensuality [ch'ustv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´stv 'in:y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, when there is a cluster of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk” the loss of the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [payestka], daughter-in-law, typist, summons, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.

• When parsing letters, two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude symbol [:]: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l’], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules, or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word being studied, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary standards orthoepies are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book." M. 1959

References:

• Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – MSU, M.: 2000
• Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
• Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
• Tutorial. – “Institute for Advanced Training of Education Workers”, Tambov: 2012
• Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. – M.: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.

In this article we will talk about the sound-letter analysis of a word. To do this, let's look at the main components of this analysis.

To make a correct sound-letter analysis of a word, you need to know some sections of the modern Russian language, such as phonetics and orthoepy, as well as have an understanding of transcription and the relationship between sounds and letters.

Phonetics

Phonetics (from the Greek phone - sound) is a field of language science that studies the sounds and letters of speech.

Sound

The main subject of phonetics research is sounds - the smallest units of speech flow that make up words in a language.

Speech sounds in writing are designated as follows: [a], [s], [d "], [g], [i], [m], [n].

Individual sounds, unlike words and sentences, have no meaning ([o], [u], [p], [s], [d], [i], [k], [m]), but from them words and their meaningful parts arise.

Words are divided by the number of sounds from which they are created, the set of these sounds and their sequence.

The sound system of the Russian language has 43 sounds: 37 of them are consonants and only 6 vowels.

How does sound come about?

According to the method of creation, Russian sounds and letters are divided into vowels and consonants.

Vowel sounds are sounds produced by the voice. When pronouncing vowels, a stream of air leaving the lungs and passing through the larynx causes vibration of the closed, tense vocal cords.

Consonants are sounds produced by voice and noise or noise alone. When a consonant sound is pronounced, the vocal cords can be tense and vibrate under the pressure of the air stream, forming a musical tone (voice), or they can be relaxed and allow exhaled air to pass freely.

All words are divided into syllables. A syllable is the smallest pronounceable unit. A syllable can be formed from one or more sounds, one of which is necessarily a vowel. Vowel sounds act as syllabic sounds (components) and form the apex of the syllable. The number of vowel sounds in a word determines the number of syllables in it. Consonants are not syllable-forming.

Orthoepy

Orthoepy (from the Latin Orthos - straight, correct, even and Epos - word, speech) is a field of language science that studies pronunciation norms and stress rules.

In order for the sound-letter analysis of a word to be done correctly, you need to know some features of the pronunciation of sounds.

Pronunciation of vowel sounds

Vowels in Russian in stressed positions sound clear and distinct.

The vowels [ы], [и], [у] in unstressed syllables are also pronounced clearly and clearly.

Unstressed [e] when pronounced approaches [s] ( [shy]wait), just like the unstressed [e] approaches [i].

The unstressed sound [o], like the stressed sound, is also pronounced loudly, turning into [a]: station - station.

Pronunciation of consonants

In verb forms singular and plural 3rd person present tense letter combination [tsya] is pronounced as [ts"]: to come closer - closer [ts"]ya.

Voiced consonants [b], [d], [v], [g], [zh], [z] before vowels, as a rule, retain their voicedness.

Voiced consonants in the middle of a word before voiceless ones and at the end of a word are deafened: traffic jam - pro[p]ka, enemy-enemy[k].

In some words the sound [g] is pronounced like [x]: soft - soft[x]ky.

If the whistling consonant [s] is located before the sibilants [sh] and [h], it is pronounced as a dull sibilant [sch]: happiness - [h]astness.

Consonant combinations [ch], [dch] and [ts], [ds], correspond to the whistling sounds [ch"], [ts]: pilot - le[h"]ik.

Sonorant consonants [l], [m], [n], [r], [y], which do not have voiceless correspondences, are usually pronounced the same way as they are written.

In order for the sound-letter parsing of a word to be correct, you need to know the basic rules for recording phonetic transcription.

Phonetic transcription

Transcription (from Latin Transcriptio - rewriting) is a special way of recording sounds in full accordance with their sound.

The phonetic alphabet is a system of letters and additional signs with which a living language is written.

Basic rules for recording phonetic transcriptions:

• soft and solid sign, as well as letters i, yu, e, yo not used in transcription;
• each sound corresponds to a separate letter of transcription (sometimes along with auxiliary symbols);
• in each word that is written in the form of phonetic transcription, if it has more than one syllable, stress is placed;
• capital letters are not used in the transcription; all words are written with a lowercase letter.

Ratio between letters and sounds

Most letters have one sound. However, a letter can convey 2 sounds, for example:
1. The letter u conveys a combination of 2 sounds [w] + [h].
2. The letter ё always means two sounds [th] and [o].
3. Letters i, yu, e can convey one sound each - [a], [u], [e], when used to indicate the softness of consonants, as well as two sounds when they appear:
- at the very beginning of the word;
- at the beginning of a syllable after a vowel;
- behind hard and soft signs.

The softness of consonant sounds is conveyed using letters b, i, e.

The hardness of consonant sounds is not reflected in writing, and a hard sign is used for separate pronunciation.

A special scheme is used to parse the word.

Sound-letter analysis of a word

Using word analysis helps to reveal it internal structure and organization.

The parsing scheme is as follows:

1. Write down the words.
2. Indicate the number of letters in it, name each letter.
3. Divide the word into syllables, give each syllable a characteristic.
4. Write down the word phonetic transcription, indicate how many sounds there are in it, name each sound. If the number of sounds and letters does not match, explain why.
5. Perform a phonetic analysis, writing down each sound in order and giving it a characteristic.
6. Analyze the word from the point of view of phonetic changes: point out the possibility of alternating or simplifying groups of consonant sounds.

Let's do a sound-letter analysis of the word:

Magic - [mag and ya] - 3 syllables, 5 letters, 6 sounds;
m [m] - voiced sound, hard, unpaired, consonant;
a [a] - shock sound, vowel;
g [g] - voiced, soft, consonant sound;
and [and] - unstressed sound, vowel;
I means two sounds:

- [th] - sonorous, soft, consonant sound;
- [a] - unstressed sound, vowel.

Most games are difficult to clearly subordinate to any one task. They require attention, reflection, application of knowledge, and the ability to do logical conclusions. Therefore, their distribution into sections is quite arbitrary, but it helps to work on a specific task.

In order to write a word, a child must perform several operations: break the word down into sounds, establish their order, and associate each sound with a letter. To read, on the contrary, match each letter with the sound it represents. In addition, you need to be able to distinguish between vowels and consonants, the hardness and softness of consonants.

Therefore, we start with games that help to master sound-letter analysis, develop phonemic awareness, visual attention and fine motor skills.

Memo for sound-letter analysis

1. We hear and speak sounds, write and read letters. (We talk about sounds, but we denote them in writing accordingly with letters.)

2. There are 33 letters in the Russian language: 10 letters representing vowel sounds (A, O, U, E, Y, I, I, E, E, Yu), 21 letters representing consonants (B, V, D, D, F, 3, J, K, L, M, N, P, R, S, T, F, X, C, Ch, Sh, Shch) and 2 more special letters (or signs) - b and b.

3. Vowel sounds - 6 (A, O, E, I, U, S). There are many more consonant sounds. They are divided into hard and soft. Or, to put it differently, they form hardness-softness pairs, for example, [n"] ( soft sound) in the word touch and [n] (hard sound) in the word throne. (Please note that, according to tradition, we wrote the sound in square brackets - [n], and the softness of the sound was indicated by the sign ". But we do not explain these icons to children yet - they will study this at school. Preschoolers, when performing sound-letter analysis, use color: red - to indicate vowels, blue - to indicate hard consonants, green - to indicate soft consonants).

4. There are 3 always hard consonant sounds - these are F, W, C and 3 always soft consonant sounds - these are Y, Ch, Shch. All other consonant sounds can be either hard or soft.

5. Vowels I, E, Yo, Yu can denote 1 sound (respectively: i - [a], e - [e], ё - [o], yu - [y]), if they come after consonants (for example: ball - [mach], squirrel - [ b"elka], flax - [l"on], hatch - [l"uk]), and 2 sounds (i - [y"a], e - [y"e], e - [y"o], yu - [y"y]), if they appear at the beginning of a word (yama - [y"ama], raccoon [y"enot], Christmas tree [y"olka], spinning top - [y"ula]); after a vowel (bayan - [bai"an], fan - [vei"er], seagulls (from tea) - [tea"ok], bayun (cat-bayun) - [bai"un], and also after Kommersant And b(ate - [sy"el], bunches - [grapes"y", jam - [varen"y"e], linen - [bel"y"o], bindweed - [v"y"unok]).

6. Consonants also differ according to the bone-ringing-voicelessness principle. Always voiced: R, L, M, N, J, always deaf: X, C, Ch, Shch. The remaining consonants form pairs: B - P, V - F, G - K, D - T, F - W, 3 - C.

7. Words are divided into syllables: the number of vowels in a word, the number of syllables.

Wave

Draw a wavy line so that the vowels remain at the top and the consonants at the bottom.

Download the pictures to your computer and print them for your child.

What more?

What are more - vowels or consonants? Complete the letters so that there are equal numbers of vowels and consonants in each line.

Find the letters

Underline the letters you need to form words: house, bow.

Sound-letter analysis of words at school

Phonetics- a branch of the science of language that studies speech sounds. Phone (Greek) - sound.

Graphic arts- a branch of the science of language that studies letters. Grapho (Greek) - writing.

Letters- signs indicating speech sounds, we see and write them. The Russian language has 33 letters representing sounds. Graphic characters also include an accent mark, a hyphen (dash), punctuation marks and others, but the letters ь and ъ do not indicate sounds. Sounds are formed in the speech apparatus when air is exhaled. When consonant sounds are formed, the exhaled air encounters various obstacles in the mouth (lips, teeth, tongue, palate). A stream of air overcomes obstacles and this produces consonant sounds. Consonants in the Russian language are divided into voiced and voiceless, hard and soft. Hard consonant sounds have softness pairs [b] - [b"], [v] - [v"], [g] - [g"]. They do not have softness pairs [zh], [sh], [ts] , they are always hard.

They do not have a pair in hardness [h"], [sch"], [th"], they are always soft.

Note. The sound denoted by the letter ш is a long, soft, dull sound, for example: cheeks, brush. Paired with the long soft voiced one is [zh "zh"], which is found in a few words, for example: yeast, reins.

Consonant sounds are divided into voiced and voiceless. When voiced consonants are formed, the vocal cords vibrate and a voice is formed. And when pronouncing voiceless consonants, the vocal folds do not vibrate, and noise is formed. The vibration of the vocal cords can be felt by placing the back of your hand against your throat. They have a pair of voicedness and deafness [b]- [p], [v]- [f], [g]- [k], [d]- [t], [zh]- [sh], [z]- [With]. They do not have a pair for deafness [th], [l], [m], [n], [r], they are always voiced. They do not have a voiced pair [x], [ts], [ch], [sch], they are always deaf.

Voiced and voiceless consonant sounds can differentiate words. For example: house - volume, count - goal, ball - heat, etc. Paired soft and hard consonant sounds distinguish words, for example: bow - hatch, small - crushed, nose - carried, horse - horse. A voiced consonant at the end of a word and before a voiceless consonant is replaced by a paired voiceless one. This replacement is called stunning. For example: tooth - tooth, low - low. A voiceless consonant before a voiced consonant (except l, p, m, n, th) is replaced by its paired voiced consonant. This replacement is called voicing a consonant. For example: request - ask, hand over.

Examples of sound-letter analysis of words

Watchmen - [starazhyt] - 9 letters, 8 sounds, 3 syllables.
S - [s] - consonant, voiceless, paired, hard, paired;
T - [t] - consonant, voiceless, paired, hard, paired;

R - [r] - consonant, voiced, unpaired, hard, paired, sonorous;
O - [a] - vowel, unstressed;
Ж - [ж] - consonant, voiced, paired, hard, unpaired;
And - [s] - vowel, stressed;
T - [t"] - consonant, deaf, paired, soft, paired;
b - [-]
Volume "m - [aby"om] - 5 letters, 5 sounds, 2 syllables.
O - [a] - vowel, unstressed;
B - [b] - consonant, voiced, paired, solid, paired;
b - [-]
E - [th"] - consonant, voiced, unpaired, soft, unpaired, sonorous;
[o] - vowel, stressed;
M - [m] - consonant, voiced, unpaired, hard, paired, sonorous.

What is sound-letter analysis of a word? How to do it correctly? At Russian language lessons in primary school Such a task is often given, but not all students have time to understand during the lesson how to correctly carry out the analysis. Let's study this issue carefully.

What is it for

Unlike many European languages, where “what is heard is how it is written,” in Russian the rules of writing can be quite complex. Why, for example, do we say “karova” but write “cow”? Let's remember everyone's favorite New Year's tree: Why “Christmas tree” and not “Yolka”?

It would seem that a combination of letters would give the same result. Which means, student, no knowledgeable of the rules writing words and not understanding the meaning of the transcription that we write during sound-letter analysis, will write down many concepts incorrectly.

Moreover, the ability to write and read transcriptions will be very useful when learning a foreign language, in particular English. The rules for writing words there are very complex - even more confusing than in our native language - which means that without learning to parse the contents of square brackets, you will not be able to speak freely!

First thing

The first thing that is required of the student is to write a transcription. It is formalized in How else does it differ from the usual recording of a word? Firstly, it lacks a soft sign. Instead of the usual “b”, softness is indicated by a comma to the right above the consonant. You remember that vowels do not have this parameter?

Some letters are not found in the transcription at all: these are “ya”, “yu”, “e” and “e”. Instead, either designations of two phonemes will be used: “th” + vowel, or only their “paired” vowel. Have you noticed that these letters are easy to replace? "E" is the same as "ye", and "yu" can be represented as "yu". This is exactly what is required in transcription.

Example

Let's look at the sound-letter analysis of the word "sailor". Here we see several characteristic details at once. Firstly, this is the presence of an unstressed vowel “o”, which will turn into “a”. What else do you notice? That's right, the consonant "r" is soft. Let's denote this with a comma above the letter in the appropriate place. Finally, “I” itself will turn into “a” - you don’t hear the sound “y” when you pronounce this word?

So, let's write "sailor". We present the sound-letter analysis in square brackets on the right: [mar'ak]. That's it, we have completed the first part of the task!

Looking ahead, let us point out one more detail: the number of letters and sounds in a word may vary. For example, the word “steel” will have 5 letters, but only 4 sounds. But the “box” will show exactly the opposite results - four versus five.

Characteristics of phonemes

Each of the sounds represented in the transcription is a phoneme. They all have parameters that you must learn to highlight.

Consonants can be hard or soft, depending on their position in the word. For example, in the “sailor” we analyzed, “p’” is soft. But in the word “ditch” the same letter will be represented as a hard “r”.

Another indicator will be the “voiced-voiceless” pair. Remember, "B-p", "v-f", "g-k" and so on. One of them is voiced, and the second is voiceless. Some phonemes can only be voiced: these are “r”, “n”, “m”, “l”. Such sounds are called sonorant sounds - the nasal cavity is involved in their formation.

Please note that when conducting sound-letter analysis signs denoting voiced phonemes are devoiced at the end of a word. For example, “mushroom” will appear in transcription as [gr’ip]. Find out the homonym - similar sound word? The seasonal disease - influenza - is pronounced exactly the same.

Decor

So that the teacher does not find fault with the design of the assignment, let's see how to do it in accordance with the rules.

Write down the word you want to understand with a capital letter. Now put a dash and to the right of it an open square bracket. When you compose the transcription, you will enter it here. Don't forget to close it with a symmetrical square bracket.

Below, under the original word, you need to write vertically all its phonemes - these are the signs that make up the transcription. Please note that in sound-letter analysis, the consonant, together with the indicator of softness, constitutes a single entity! For example, in the word “river” - [r’eka] - the first phoneme will not be “r”, but “r’”. Be sure to remember this.

Opposite each received phoneme - where we wrote them “in a column” - indicate all their possible parameters. This includes softness-hardness, and the opposition “voice-deaf”. Next to each character, write whether it is a vowel or a consonant, respectively.

The word "class"

Let's look at another example. Let us choose the word “class” for sound-letter analysis. Our task is quite simple. In the transcription, only the ending will differ from the original recording... But we don’t even know how to represent double consonants! The answer is simple - instead of two letters we will write one.

So, the “class” will appear to us as [class]. Here “K” is a hard, voiceless consonant, “L” is a hard and voiced consonant. Following the vowel “A” we indicate “C” - hard and dull.

Don't forget to indicate the number of letters and the number of sounds. For example, the last word we analyzed has 5 letters, but only 4 sounds. Overall, that's all the teacher needs in this assignment! Now choose any other example and do a sound-letter analysis of the word yourself.

Complications

When you grow up, you will learn that all the vowels of every language on the planet, as well as all the consonants, are reduced to one single tablet. They have two parameters: rise and row. For example, the vowels “i”, “y” and “u” belong to the same rise and differ next to each other - front, middle and back, respectively. And vice versa: “y” and “a” are vowels of the same row - middle, but they differ in rise. In the first case it is upper, and in the second it is lower.

If you want to connect your life with learning a language - to become a translator, a researcher of native speech, a teacher of relevant subjects, then you will definitely need to learn these subtleties. However, this seems difficult only at first glance.

Conclusion

Correct completion of this task will help you understand in the future foreign languages. Firstly, you will write better. In addition, you will be able to differentiate sounds more clearly, which is very important at the first stage of mastering a new language.

Complete assignments on time, and then your studies will be rewarding. More fun and take less time!

In Russian language assignments there are some where you need to do sound-letter analysis words. In terminology, such an exercise is called phonetic analysis and is indicated in the task by the number 1 above the word, for example, “notebook¹”. Compared to other analyzes (lexical, morphological, etc.), phonetic is one of the easiest exercises, and after several trainings the student will be able to cope with it competently and quickly. Today I will tell you how to correctly perform sound-letter parsing of words, which will help not only schoolchildren, but also students who have already forgotten school material, and parents who help their children complete homework assignments.

What do you need to know before doing a sound-letter analysis of any word?

Ease of exercise phonetic analysis words is that they are performed by listening to the word. You don't need to look for spellings or morphemes, you just need to know what characteristics apply to each sound. Therefore, the first thing you need to learn is the table:

Red cells show vowels, blue cells show consonants. Let's look at the vowels first: the top row is allocated to hard sounds (from [A] to [E]), the bottom row to soft sounds (from [I] to [E]). Now let's turn to consonants, there are more of them, and they are classified differently. As can be seen from the table, there are paired sounds (from [B] - [P] to [Z] - [S]) and unpaired (voiced from [L] to [Y'] and voiceless from [X] to [Sh'] ). No sound load do not carry b and b.

It is not indicated in the table, but you need to remember that:

• sounds [Zh], [Sh], [C] – always hard;
• the sounds [Ч'], [Ш'] and [И'] are always soft (which is indicated by an apostrophe [’] when parsing a word in letters and sounds);
• sonorant sounds (when pronounced in the vocal tract there is no vortex movement of air) - these are [Y'], [L], [L'], [M], [M'], [N], [N'],[ P], [P'].

Another interesting point, regarding the letters E, E, Yu and I: these letters denote both the vowel sound itself and the softness of the consonant in front of them, and two sounds at once.

Having understood these initial requirements, you can begin the sound-letter analysis of the word.

How to make a sound-letter analysis of a word

After the tables given above have been studied, a schoolchild or student will be able to competently make a sound-letter analysis, since now he has basic knowledge about letters and sounds. The task is done according to the following plan:

• the word being parsed is written correctly (to do this, remember vocabulary words, spelling and spelling rules);
• is put correct accent(a spelling dictionary will help);
• to the right of the word being analyzed, its transcription is written and the word itself is divided into syllables;
• sounds are recorded in a column from top to bottom along with all their characteristics:
  • vowels – stressed/unstressed;
  • consonants – voiced/voiceless (paired/unpaired), hard/soft (paired/unpaired);
• indicates which letter represents each sound;
• The total number of letters and sounds is counted.

Examples

Let’s make a sound-letter analysis of the word “Day” according to the above diagram.

1. First, let’s write it down correctly – “Day”. There is no need to put stress and parse the word syllable by syllable, since it consists of one syllable (there is only one vowel in the word).
2. We record the transcription [d'en'].
3. We put the letters and sounds in a column along with their characteristics:
   1. d [d’] – consonant, voiced/paired, soft/paired;
   2. e [e] – vowel;
   3. n [n’] – consonant, voiced/unpaired, soft/paired, sonorous;
4. We count the total number of letters and sounds: letters - 4, sounds - 3, since “b”, as already mentioned, does not denote any sound.

Now let’s look at the sounds and letters of the word “Key”.