What is stronger than gravity. What is the law of universal gravitation: the formula of the great discovery. Theory of relativity, works of Albert Einstein

Gravity is the most powerful force in the Universe, one of the four fundamental principles of the universe, which determines its structure. Once upon a time, thanks to it, planets, stars and entire galaxies arose. Today it keeps the Earth in orbit on its never-ending journey around the Sun.

Attraction is also of great importance for a person’s daily life. Thanks to this invisible force, the oceans of our world pulsate, rivers flow, and raindrops fall to the ground. Since childhood, we feel the weight of our body and surrounding objects. The influence of gravity on our economic activities is also enormous.

The first theory of gravity was created by Isaac Newton at the end of the 17th century. His Law of Universal Gravitation describes this interaction within the framework of classical mechanics. This phenomenon was more widely described by Einstein in his general theory of relativity, which was published at the beginning of the last century. The processes occurring with the force of gravity at the level of elementary particles should be explained by the quantum theory of gravity, but it has yet to be created.

We know much more about the nature of gravity today than we did in Newton's time, but despite centuries of study, it still remains a real stumbling block to modern physics. There are many blank spots in the existing theory of gravity, and we still do not understand exactly what generates it and how this interaction is transferred. And, of course, we are very far from being able to control the force of gravity, so antigravity or levitation will exist for a long time only on the pages of science fiction novels.

What fell on Newton's head?

People have always wondered about the nature of the force that attracts objects to the earth, but it was only in the 17th century that Isaac Newton managed to lift the veil of mystery. The basis for its breakthrough was laid by the works of Kepler and Galileo, brilliant scientists who studied the movements of celestial bodies.

Even a century and a half before Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation, the Polish astronomer Copernicus believed that attraction is “... nothing more than a natural desire that the father of the Universe endowed all particles with, namely to unite into one common whole, forming spherical bodies.” Descartes considered attraction to be a consequence of disturbances in the world ether. The Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle was sure that mass affects the speed of falling bodies. And only Galileo Galilei at the end of the 16th century proved that this was not true: if there is no air resistance, all objects accelerate equally.

Contrary to the popular legend of the head and the apple, Newton took more than twenty years to understand the nature of gravity. His law of gravity is one of the most significant scientific discoveries of all time. It is universal and allows you to calculate the trajectories of celestial bodies and accurately describe the behavior of objects around us. The classical theory of gravity laid the foundations of celestial mechanics. Newton's three laws gave scientists the opportunity to discover new planets literally “at the tip of their pen”; in the end, thanks to them, man was able to overcome Earth’s gravity and fly into space. They brought a strict scientific basis to the philosophical concept of the material unity of the universe, in which all natural phenomena are interconnected and governed by general physical rules.

Newton not only published a formula allowing one to calculate the force that attracts bodies to each other, he created a complete model, which also included mathematical analysis. These theoretical conclusions have been repeatedly confirmed in practice, including using the most modern methods.

In Newtonian theory, any material object generates an attractive field, which is called gravitational. Moreover, the force is proportional to the mass of both bodies and inversely proportional to the distance between them:

F = (G m1 m2)/r2

G is the gravitational constant, which is equal to 6.67 × 10−11 m³/(kg s²). Henry Cavendish was the first to calculate it in 1798.

In everyday life and in applied disciplines, the force with which the earth attracts a body is spoken of as its weight. The attraction between any two material objects in the Universe is what gravity is in simple words.

The force of gravity is the weakest of the four fundamental interactions of physics, but due to its properties it is capable of regulating the movement of star systems and galaxies:

• Attraction works at any distance, this is the main difference between gravity and strong and weak nuclear interactions. As the distance increases, its effect decreases, but it never becomes equal to zero, so we can say that even two atoms located at different ends of the galaxy have a mutual influence. It's just very small;
• Gravity is universal. The field of attraction is inherent in any material body. Scientists have not yet discovered an object on our planet or in space that would not participate in this type of interaction, so the role of gravity in the life of the Universe is enormous. This distinguishes gravity from electromagnetic interaction, the influence of which on cosmic processes is minimal, since in nature most bodies are electrically neutral. Gravitational forces cannot be limited or shielded;
• Gravity acts not only on matter, but also on energy. For him, the chemical composition of objects does not matter; only their mass matters.

Using Newton's formula, the force of attraction can be easily calculated. For example, gravity on the Moon is several times less than that on Earth, because our satellite has a relatively small mass. But it is enough to form regular ebbs and flows in the World Ocean. On Earth, the acceleration due to gravity is approximately 9.81 m/s2. Moreover, at the poles it is slightly greater than at the equator.

Despite their enormous importance for the further development of science, Newton’s laws had a number of weaknesses that haunted researchers. It was not clear how gravity acts through absolutely empty space over vast distances, and at an incomprehensible speed. In addition, data gradually began to accumulate that contradicted Newton's laws: for example, the gravitational paradox or the displacement of the perihelion of Mercury. It became obvious that the theory of universal gravitation requires improvement. This honor fell to the brilliant German physicist Albert Einstein.

Attraction and the theory of relativity

Newton's refusal to discuss the nature of gravity (“I invent no hypotheses”) was an obvious weakness of his concept. It is not surprising that many theories of gravity emerged in the following years.

Most of them belonged to the so-called hydrodynamic models, which tried to substantiate the occurrence of gravity by the mechanical interaction of material objects with some intermediate substance having certain properties. Researchers called it differently: “vacuum”, “ether”, “graviton flow”, etc. In this case, the force of attraction between bodies arose as a result of changes in this substance, when it was absorbed by objects or shielded flows. In reality, all such theories had one serious drawback: quite accurately predicting the dependence of gravitational force on distance, they should have led to the deceleration of bodies that moved relative to the “ether” or “graviton flow”.

Einstein approached this issue from a different angle. In his general theory of relativity (GTR), gravity is viewed not as an interaction of forces, but as a property of space-time itself. Any object that has mass causes it to bend, which causes attraction. In this case, gravity is a geometric effect that is considered within the framework of non-Euclidean geometry.

Simply put, the space-time continuum affects matter, causing its movement. And she, in turn, influences space, “telling” it how to bend.

Attractive forces also act in the microcosm, but at the level of elementary particles their influence, compared to electrostatic interaction, is negligible. Physicists believe that gravitational interaction was not inferior to others in the first moments (10 -43 seconds) after the Big Bang.

Currently, the concept of gravity proposed in the general theory of relativity is the main working hypothesis accepted by the majority of the scientific community and confirmed by the results of numerous experiments.

Einstein in his work foresaw the amazing effects of gravitational forces, most of which have already been confirmed. For example, the ability of massive bodies to bend light rays and even slow down the flow of time. The latter phenomenon must be taken into account when operating global satellite navigation systems such as GLONASS and GPS, otherwise after a few days their error would be tens of kilometers.

In addition, a consequence of Einstein's theory are the so-called subtle effects of gravity, such as the gravimagnetic field and drag of inertial frames of reference (also known as the Lense-Thirring effect). These manifestations of gravity are so weak that they could not be detected for a long time. Only in 2005, thanks to the unique NASA mission Gravity Probe B, the Lense-Thirring effect was confirmed.

Gravitational radiation or the most fundamental discovery of recent years

Gravitational waves are vibrations of the geometric space-time structure that travel at the speed of light. The existence of this phenomenon was also predicted by Einstein in General Relativity, but due to the weakness of the gravitational force, its magnitude is very small, so it could not be detected for a long time. Only indirect evidence supported the existence of radiation.

Similar waves are generated by any material objects moving with asymmetric acceleration. Scientists describe them as "ripples in space-time." The most powerful sources of such radiation are colliding galaxies and collapsing systems consisting of two objects. A typical example of the latter case is the merger of black holes or neutron stars. During such processes, gravitational radiation can transfer more than 50% of the total mass of the system.

Gravitational waves were first discovered in 2015 by two LIGO observatories. Almost immediately, this event received the status of the largest discovery in physics in recent decades. In 2017, he was awarded the Nobel Prize. After this, scientists managed to detect gravitational radiation several more times.

Back in the 70s of the last century - long before experimental confirmation - scientists proposed using gravitational radiation for long-distance communication. Its undoubted advantage is its high ability to pass through any substance without being absorbed. But at present this is hardly possible, because there are enormous difficulties in generating and receiving these waves. And we still don’t have enough real knowledge about the nature of gravity.

Today, several installations similar to LIGO are operating in different countries of the world and new ones are being built. It is likely that we will learn more about gravitational radiation in the near future.

Alternative theories of universal gravity and the reasons for their creation

At the moment, the dominant concept of gravity is general relativity. The entire existing array of experimental data and observations is consistent with it. At the same time, it has a large number of obvious weaknesses and controversial issues, so attempts to create new models that explain the nature of gravity do not stop.

All theories of universal gravitation developed to date can be divided into several main groups:

• standard;
• alternative;
• quantum;
• unified field theory.

Attempts to create a new concept of universal gravity were made back in the 19th century. Various authors included in it the ether or the corpuscular theory of light. But the appearance of General Relativity put an end to these researches. After its publication, the goal of scientists changed - now their efforts were aimed at improving Einstein’s model, including new natural phenomena in it: the spin of particles, the expansion of the Universe, etc.

By the early 1980s, physicists had experimentally rejected all concepts except those that included general relativity as an integral part. At this time, “string theories” came into fashion, looking very promising. But these hypotheses have never been experimentally confirmed. Over the past decades, science has reached significant heights and accumulated a huge amount of empirical data. Today, attempts to create alternative theories of gravity are inspired mainly by cosmological research related to concepts such as “dark matter”, “inflation”, “dark energy”.

One of the main tasks of modern physics is the unification of two fundamental directions: quantum theory and general relativity. Scientists are trying to connect attraction with other types of interactions, thus creating a “theory of everything.” This is exactly what quantum gravity does - a branch of physics that tries to provide a quantum description of gravitational interactions. An offshoot of this direction is the theory of loop gravity.

Despite active and many years of efforts, this goal has not yet been achieved. And it’s not even the complexity of this problem: it’s just that quantum theory and general relativity are based on completely different paradigms. Quantum mechanics deals with physical systems operating against the background of ordinary space-time. And in the theory of relativity, space-time itself is a dynamic component, depending on the parameters of the classical systems located in it.

Along with scientific hypotheses of universal gravity, there are also theories that are very far from modern physics. Unfortunately, in recent years, such “opuses” have simply flooded the Internet and bookstore shelves. Some authors of such works generally inform the reader that gravity does not exist, and the laws of Newton and Einstein are fictions and hoaxes.

An example is the works of the “scientist” Nikolai Levashov, who claim that Newton did not discover the law of universal gravitation, and only the planets and our satellite the Moon have gravitational force in the solar system. This “Russian scientist” gives rather strange evidence. One of them is the flight of the American probe NEAR Shoemaker to the asteroid Eros, which took place in 2000. Levashov considers the lack of attraction between the probe and the celestial body to be proof of the falsity of Newton’s works and the conspiracy of physicists hiding the truth about gravity from people.

In fact, the spacecraft successfully completed its mission: first it entered orbit of the asteroid, and then made a soft landing on its surface.

Artificial gravity and why it is needed

There are two concepts associated with gravity that, despite their current theoretical status, are well known to the general public. These are antigravity and artificial gravity.

Antigravity is a process of counteracting the force of attraction, which can significantly reduce it or even replace it with repulsion. Mastering such technology would lead to a real revolution in transport, aviation, space exploration and would radically change our entire lives. But at present, the possibility of antigravity does not even have theoretical confirmation. Moreover, based on general relativity, such a phenomenon is not feasible at all, since there cannot be negative mass in our Universe. It is possible that in the future we will learn more about gravity and learn to build aircraft based on this principle.

Artificial gravity is a man-made change in the existing force of gravity. Today we don’t really need such technology, but the situation will definitely change after the start of long-term space travel. And the point is in our physiology. The human body, “accustomed” over millions of years of evolution to the constant gravity of the Earth, perceives the effects of reduced gravity extremely negatively. A long stay even in conditions of lunar gravity (six times weaker than Earth's) can lead to dire consequences. The illusion of attraction can be created using other physical forces, such as inertia. However, such options are complex and expensive. At the moment, artificial gravity does not even have theoretical justification; it is obvious that its possible practical implementation is a matter of the very distant future.

Gravity is a concept known to everyone since school. It would seem that scientists should have thoroughly investigated this phenomenon! But gravity remains the deepest mystery for modern science. And this can be called an excellent example of how limited human knowledge is about our huge and wonderful world.

If you have any questions, leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them

Every person in his life has come across this concept more than once, because gravity is the basis not only of modern physics, but also of a number of other related sciences.

Many scientists have been studying the attraction of bodies since ancient times, but the main discovery is attributed to Newton and is described as the well-known story of a fruit falling on one’s head.

What is gravity in simple words

Gravity is the attraction between several objects throughout the universe. The nature of the phenomenon varies, as it is determined by the mass of each of them and the extent between them, that is, the distance.

Newton's theory was based on the fact that both the falling fruit and the satellite of our planet are affected by the same force - gravity towards the Earth. But the satellite did not fall into earthly space precisely because of its mass and distance.

Gravity field

The gravitational field is the space within which the interaction of bodies occurs according to the laws of attraction.

Einstein's theory of relativity describes the field as a certain property of time and space, characteristically manifested when physical objects appear.

Gravity wave

These are certain types of field changes that are formed as a result of radiation from moving objects. They come off the object and spread in a wave effect.

Theories of gravity

The classical theory is Newtonian. However, it was imperfect and subsequently alternative options appeared.

These include:

• metric theories;
• non-metric;
• vector;
• Le Sage, who first described the phases;
• quantum gravity.

Today there are several dozen different theories, all of them either complement each other or look at phenomena from a different perspective.

It is worth noting: There is no ideal solution yet, but ongoing developments are opening up more possible answers regarding the attraction of bodies.

The force of gravitational attraction

The basic calculation is as follows - the gravitational force is proportional to the multiplication of the mass of the body by another, between which it is determined. This formula is expressed this way: force is inversely proportional to the distance between objects squared.

The gravitational field is potential, which means kinetic energy is conserved. This fact simplifies the solution of problems in which the force of attraction is measured.

Gravity in space

Despite the misconception of many, there is gravity in space. It is lower than on Earth, but still present.

As for the astronauts, who at first glance seem to be flying, they are actually in a state of slow decline. Visually, it seems that nothing attracts them, but in practice they experience gravity.

The strength of attraction depends on the distance, but no matter how large the distance between objects is, they will continue to be attracted to each other.

Mutual attraction will never be zero.

Gravity in the Solar System

In the solar system, not only the Earth has gravity. Planets, as well as the Sun, attract objects to themselves. Since the force is determined by the mass of the object, the Sun has the highest indicator.

For example, if our planet has an indicator of one, then the luminary’s indicator will be almost twenty-eight.

Next in gravity after the Sun is Jupiter, so its gravitational force is three times higher than that of the Earth. Pluto has the smallest parameter.

For clarity, let’s denote this: in theory, on the Sun, the average person would weigh about two tons, but on the smallest planet of our system - only four kilograms.

What does the planet's gravity depend on?

The force of gravity depends on the gravity of the object, the planet itself and the distance between them. If there are many kilometers, gravity is low, but it still keeps objects connected.

Several important and fascinating aspects related to gravity and its properties that are worth explaining to your child:

1. The phenomenon attracts everything, but never repels - this distinguishes it from other physical phenomena.
2. There is no such thing as zero. It is impossible to simulate a situation in which pressure does not apply, that is, gravity does not work.
3. The Earth is falling at an average speed of 11.2 kilometers per second; having reached this speed, you can leave the planet’s attraction well.
4. The existence of gravitational waves has not been scientifically proven, it is just a guess. If they ever become visible, then many mysteries of the cosmos related to the interaction of bodies will be revealed to humanity.

According to the theory of basic relativity of a scientist like Einstein, gravity is a curvature of the basic parameters of the existence of the material world, which represents the basis of the Universe.

Gravity is the mutual attraction of two objects. The strength of interaction depends on the gravity of the bodies and the distance between them. Not all the secrets of the phenomenon have been revealed yet, but today there are several dozen theories describing the concept and its properties.

The complexity of the objects being studied affects the research time. In most cases, the relationship between mass and distance is simply taken.

Gravity, also known as attraction or gravitation, is a universal property of matter that all objects and bodies in the Universe possess. The essence of gravity is that all material bodies attract all other bodies around them.

Earth gravity

If gravity is a general concept and quality that all objects in the Universe possess, then gravity is a special case of this comprehensive phenomenon. The earth attracts to itself all material objects located on it. Thanks to this, people and animals can safely move across the earth, rivers, seas and oceans can remain within their shores, and the air can not fly across the vast expanses of space, but form the atmosphere of our planet.

A fair question arises: if all objects have gravity, why does the Earth attract people and animals to itself, and not vice versa? Firstly, we also attract the Earth to us, it’s just that, compared to its force of attraction, our gravity is negligible. Secondly, the force of gravity depends directly on the mass of the body: the smaller the mass of the body, the lower its gravitational forces.

The second indicator on which the force of attraction depends is the distance between objects: the greater the distance, the less the effect of gravity. Thanks also to this, the planets move in their orbits and do not fall on each other.

It is noteworthy that the Earth, Moon, Sun and other planets owe their spherical shape precisely to the force of gravity. It acts in the direction of the center, pulling towards it the substance that makes up the “body” of the planet.

Earth's gravitational field

The Earth's gravitational field is a force energy field that is formed around our planet due to the action of two forces:

• gravity;
• centrifugal force, which owes its appearance to the rotation of the Earth around its axis (diurnal rotation).

Since both gravity and centrifugal force act constantly, the gravitational field is a constant phenomenon.

The field is slightly affected by the gravitational forces of the Sun, Moon and some other celestial bodies, as well as the atmospheric masses of the Earth.

The law of universal gravitation and Sir Isaac Newton

The English physicist, Sir Isaac Newton, according to a famous legend, one day while walking in the garden during the day, he saw the Moon in the sky. At the same time, an apple fell from the branch. Newton was then studying the law of motion and knew that an apple falls under the influence of a gravitational field, and the Moon rotates in orbit around the Earth.

And then the brilliant scientist, illuminated by insight, came up with the idea that perhaps the apple falls to the ground, obeying the same force thanks to which the Moon is in its orbit, and not rushing randomly throughout the galaxy. This is how the law of universal gravitation, also known as Newton’s Third Law, was discovered.

In the language of mathematical formulas, this law looks like this:

F=GMm/D 2 ,

Where F- the force of mutual gravity between two bodies;

M- mass of the first body;

m- mass of the second body;

D 2- the distance between two bodies;

G- gravitational constant equal to 6.67x10 -11.

June 14th, 2015 , 12:24 pm

We all studied the law of universal gravitation in school. But what do we really know about gravity beyond what our school teachers put into our heads? Let's update our knowledge...

Fact one: Newton did not discover the law of universal gravitation

Everyone knows the famous parable about the apple that fell on Newton's head. But the fact is that Newton did not discover the law of universal gravitation, since this law is simply not present in his book “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.” There is no formula or formulation in this work, as anyone can see for themselves. Moreover, the first mention of the gravitational constant appears only in the 19th century and, accordingly, the formula could not have appeared earlier. By the way, the coefficient G, which reduces the result of calculations by 600 billion times, has no physical meaning and was introduced to hide contradictions.

Fact two: falsifying the gravitational attraction experiment

It is believed that Cavendish was the first to demonstrate gravitational attraction in laboratory ingots, using a torsion balance - a horizontal beam with weights at the ends suspended on a thin string. The rocker could turn on a thin wire. According to the official version, Cavendish brought a pair of 158 kg blanks from opposite sides to the rocker weights and the rocker turned at a small angle. However, the experimental methodology was incorrect and the results were falsified, which was convincingly proven by physicist Andrei Albertovich Grishaev. Cavendish spent a long time reworking and adjusting the installation so that the results would fit Newton's average density of earth. The methodology of the experiment itself involved the movement of the blanks several times, and the reason for the rotation of the rocker arm was microvibrations from the movement of the blanks, which were transmitted to the suspension.

This is confirmed by the fact that such a simple installation of the 18th century for educational purposes should have been installed, if not in every school, then at least in the physics departments of universities, in order to show students in practice the result of the law of universal gravitation. However, the Cavendish installation is not used in educational programs, and both schoolchildren and students take the word that two blanks attract each other.

Fact three: The law of gravity does not work during a solar eclipse

If we substitute reference data on the earth, moon and sun into the formula of the law of universal gravitation, then at the moment when the Moon flies between the Earth and the Sun, for example, at the moment of a solar eclipse, the force of attraction between the Sun and the Moon is more than 2 times higher than between Earth and Moon!

According to the formula, the Moon would have to leave the earth's orbit and begin to revolve around the sun.

Gravity constant - 6.6725×10−11 m³/(kg s²).
The mass of the Moon is 7.3477×1022 kg.
The mass of the Sun is 1.9891×1030 kg.
The mass of the Earth is 5.9737×1024 kg.
Distance between the Earth and the Moon = 380,000,000 m.
Distance between the Moon and the Sun = 149,000,000,000 m.

Earth and Moon:
6.6725×10-11 x 7.3477×1022 x 5.9737×1024 / 3800000002 = 2.028×1020 H
Moon and sun:
6.6725 × 10-11 x 7.3477 1022 x 1.9891 1030 / 1490000000002 = 4.39 × 1020 H

2.028×1020H<< 4,39×1020 H
The force of attraction between the Earth and the Moon<< Сила притяжения между Луной и Солнцем

These calculations can be criticized by the fact that the moon is an artificial hollow body and the reference density of this celestial body is most likely determined incorrectly.

Indeed, experimental evidence suggests that the Moon is not a solid body, but a thin-walled shell. The authoritative journal Science describes the results of the work of seismic sensors after the third stage of the rocket that accelerated the Apollo 13 spacecraft hit the lunar surface: “the seismic ringing was detected for more than four hours. On Earth, if a missile struck at an equivalent distance, the signal would last only a few minutes.”

Seismic vibrations that decay so slowly are typical of a hollow resonator, not a solid body.
But the Moon, among other things, does not exhibit its attractive properties in relation to the Earth - the Earth-Moon pair does not move around a common center of mass, as it would be according to the law of universal gravitation, and the ellipsoidal orbit of the Earth, contrary to this law, does not become zigzag.

Moreover, the parameters of the orbit of the Moon itself do not remain constant; the orbit, in scientific terminology, “evolves”, and does this contrary to the law of universal gravitation.

Fact four: the absurdity of the theory of ebb and flow

How can this be, some will object, because even schoolchildren know about ocean tides on Earth, which occur due to the attraction of water to the Sun and Moon.

According to the theory, the Moon's gravity forms a tidal ellipsoid in the ocean, with two tidal humps that move across the Earth's surface due to daily rotation.

However, practice shows the absurdity of these theories. After all, according to them, a tidal hump 1 meter high should move through the Drake Passage from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic in 6 hours. Since water is incompressible, the mass of water would raise the level to a height of about 10 meters, which does not happen in practice. In practice, tidal phenomena occur autonomously in areas of 1000-2000 km.

Laplace was also amazed by the paradox: why in the seaports of France full water comes sequentially, although according to the concept of a tidal ellipsoid it should come there simultaneously.

Fact five: the theory of mass gravity does not work

The principle of gravity measurements is simple - gravimeters measure the vertical components, and the deflection of the plumb line shows the horizontal components.

The first attempt to test the theory of mass gravity was made by the British in the mid-18th century on the shores of the Indian Ocean, where, on one side, there is the world's highest rock ridge of the Himalayas, and on the other, an ocean bowl filled with much less massive water. But, alas, the plumb line does not deviate towards the Himalayas! Moreover, ultra-sensitive instruments - gravimeters - do not detect a difference in the gravity of a test body at the same height, both over massive mountains and over less dense seas of kilometer depth.

To save the theory that has taken root, scientists came up with a support for it: they say the reason for this is “isostasy” - denser rocks are located under the seas, and loose rocks are located under the mountains, and their density is exactly the same as to adjust everything to the desired value.

It was also experimentally established that gravimeters in deep mines show that the force of gravity does not decrease with depth. It continues to grow, depending only on the square of the distance to the center of the earth.

Fact six: gravity is not generated by matter or mass

According to the formula of the law of universal gravitation, two masses, m1 and m2, the sizes of which can be neglected in comparison with the distances between them, are supposedly attracted to each other by a force directly proportional to the product of these masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. However, in fact, not a single proof is known that matter has a gravitational attractive effect. Practice shows that gravity is not generated by matter or masses; it is independent of them and massive bodies only obey gravity.

The independence of gravity from matter is confirmed by the fact that, with rare exceptions, small bodies of the solar system have no gravitational attractive ability completely. With the exception of the Moon, more than six dozen planetary satellites show no signs of their own gravity. This has been proven by both indirect and direct measurements; for example, since 2004, the Cassini probe in the vicinity of Saturn has been flying close to its satellites from time to time, but no changes in the speed of the probe have been recorded. With the help of the same Casseni, a geyser was discovered on Enceladus, the sixth largest moon of Saturn.

What physical processes must occur on a cosmic piece of ice for jets of steam to fly into space?
For the same reason, Titan, Saturn's largest moon, has a gas tail as a result of atmospheric outflow.

No satellites predicted by theory have been found on asteroids, despite their huge number. And in all the reports about double or paired asteroids that supposedly revolve around a common center of mass, there was no evidence of the rotation of these pairs. The companions happened to be nearby, moving in quasi-synchronous orbits around the sun.

Attempts to place artificial satellites into asteroid orbit ended in failure. Examples include the NEAR probe, which was sent to the Eros asteroid by the Americans, or the HAYABUSA probe, which the Japanese sent to the Itokawa asteroid.

Fact seven: Saturn's asteroids do not obey the law of gravity

At one time, Lagrange, trying to solve the three-body problem, obtained a stable solution for a particular case. He showed that the third body can move in the orbit of the second, all the time being in one of two points, one of which is 60° ahead of the second body, and the second is the same amount behind.

However, two groups of companion asteroids found behind and ahead in the orbit of Saturn, which astronomers joyfully called the Trojans, moved out of the predicted areas, and the confirmation of the law of universal gravitation turned into a puncture.

Fact eight: contradiction with the general theory of relativity

According to modern concepts, the speed of light is finite, as a result we see distant objects not where they are located at the moment, but at the point from which the ray of light we saw started. But at what speed does gravity spread?

Having analyzed the data accumulated by that time, Laplace established that “gravity” propagates faster than light by at least seven orders of magnitude! Modern measurements of receiving pulsar pulses have pushed the speed of propagation of gravity even further - at least 10 orders of magnitude faster than the speed of light. Thus, experimental research contradicts the general theory of relativity, which official science still relies on, despite its complete failure.

Fact nine: gravity anomalies

There are natural anomalies of gravity, which also do not find any clear explanation from official science. Here are some examples:

Fact ten: research into the vibrational nature of antigravity

There is a large number of alternative studies with impressive results in the field of antigravity, which fundamentally refute the theoretical calculations of official science.

Some researchers are analyzing the vibrational nature of antigravity. This effect is clearly demonstrated in modern experiments, where droplets hang in the air due to acoustic levitation. Here we see how, with the help of a sound of a certain frequency, it is possible to confidently hold drops of liquid in the air...

But the effect at first glance is explained by the gyroscope principle, but even such a simple experiment for the most part contradicts gravity in its modern understanding.

Few people know that Viktor Stepanovich Grebennikov, a Siberian entomologist who studied the effect of cavity structures in insects, described the phenomena of antigravity in insects in the book “My World”. Scientists have long known that massive insects, such as the cockchafer, fly in spite of the laws of gravity rather than because of them.

Moreover, based on his research, Grebennikov created an anti-gravity platform.

Viktor Stepanovich died under rather strange circumstances and his work was partially lost, but some part of the anti-gravity platform prototype has been preserved and can be seen in the Grebennikov Museum in Novosibirsk.

Another practical application of antigravity can be observed in the city of Homestead in Florida, where there is a strange structure of coral monolithic blocks, which is popularly nicknamed Coral Castle. It was built by a native of Latvia, Edward Lidskalnin, in the first half of the 20th century. This man of thin build did not have any tools, he did not even have a car or any equipment at all.

He did not use electricity at all, also due to its absence, and yet somehow went down to the ocean, where he cut out multi-ton stone blocks and somehow delivered them to his site, laying them out with perfect precision.

After Ed's death, scientists began to carefully study his creation. For the sake of the experiment, a powerful bulldozer was brought in and an attempt was made to move one of the 30-ton blocks of the coral castle. The bulldozer roared and skidded, but did not move the huge stone.

A strange device was found inside the castle, which scientists called a direct current generator. It was a massive structure with many metal parts. 240 permanent strip magnets were built into the outside of the device. But how Edward Leedskalnin actually made multi-ton blocks move still remains a mystery.

The research of John Searle is known, in whose hands unusual generators came to life, rotated and generated energy; discs with a diameter of half a meter to 10 meters rose into the air and made controlled flights from London to Cornwall and back.

The professor’s experiments were repeated in Russia, the USA and Taiwan. In Russia, for example, in 1999, a patent application for “devices for generating mechanical energy” was registered under No. 99122275/09. Vladimir Vitalievich Roshchin and Sergei Mikhailovich Godin, in fact, reproduced SEG (Searl Effect Generator) and conducted a series of studies with it. The result was a statement: you can get 7 kW of electricity without costs; the rotating generator lost weight up to 40%.

The equipment from Searle's first laboratory was taken to an unknown location while he was in prison. The installation of Godin and Roshchin simply disappeared; all publications about it, with the exception of the application for an invention, disappeared.

The Hutchison Effect, named after the Canadian engineer-inventor, is also known. The effect manifests itself in the levitation of heavy objects, the alloy of dissimilar materials (for example, metal + wood), and the anomalous heating of metals in the absence of burning substances near them. Here is a video of these effects:

Whatever gravity actually is, it should be recognized that official science is completely unable to clearly explain the nature of this phenomenon.

Yaroslav Yargin

To begin with, a number of facts from the article by O.Kh. Derevensky "Spillins and Wickets of Universal Gravitation." Due to the fact that the article is quite lengthy, here is a very brief version of some of the evidence for the falsity of the “Law of Universal Gravitation”, and citizens interested in the details will read the rest themselves.

1. In our solar system, only the planets and the Moon, the Earth’s satellite, have gravity. The satellites of the other planets, and there are more than six dozen of them, do not have gravity! This information is completely open, but not advertised by the “scientific” people, because it is inexplicable from the point of view of their “science”. Those. Most of the objects in our solar system do not have gravity - they do not attract each other! And this completely refutes the “Law of Universal Gravitation”.

2. Henry Cavendish's experience of attracting massive blocks to each other is considered irrefutable evidence of the existence of attraction between bodies. However, despite its simplicity, this experience has not been openly reproduced anywhere. Apparently, because it does not give the effect that some people once announced. Those. Today, with the possibility of strict verification, experience does not show any attraction between bodies!

3. Putting an artificial satellite into orbit around an asteroid. In mid-February 2000, the Americans brought the NEAR space probe quite close to the Eros asteroid, equalized the speed and began to wait for the probe to be captured by the gravity of Eros, i.e. when the satellite is gently attracted by the asteroid's gravity. But for some reason the first date didn’t go well. The second and subsequent attempts to surrender to Eros had exactly the same effect: Eros did not want to attract the American NEAR probe to itself, and without additional engine support, the probe did not stay near Eros. This cosmic date ended in nothing. Those. no attraction could be detected between the probe with a mass of 805 kg and an asteroid weighing more than 6 trillion tons.

Here we cannot fail to note the inexplicable tenacity of the Americans from NASA, because the Russian scientist Nikolai Levashov, living at that time in the USA, which he then considered a completely normal country, wrote, translated into English and published in 1994 his famous book “Last Appeal to Humanity”, in which he explained “on the fingers” everything that specialists from NASA needed to know so that their NEAR probe would not hang around as a useless piece of hardware in Space, but would bring at least some benefit to society. But, apparently, exorbitant conceit played its trick on the “scientists” there.

4. The Japanese made the next attempt to repeat the erotic experiment with an asteroid. They chose an asteroid called Itokawa, and sent a probe called Hayabusa (Falcon) to it on May 9, 2003. In September 2005, the probe approached the asteroid at a distance of 20 km. Taking into account the experience of the “dumb Americans,” the smart Japanese equipped their probe with several engines and an autonomous short-range navigation system with laser rangefinders, so that it could approach the asteroid and move around it automatically, without the participation of ground operators. “The first number of this program turned out to be a comedy stunt with the landing of a small research robot on the surface of an asteroid. The probe descended to the calculated height and carefully dropped the robot, which was supposed to slowly and smoothly fall to the surface.

But... he didn’t fall. Slowly and smoothly he was carried somewhere away from the asteroid. There he disappeared without a trace... The next number of the program turned out to be, again, a comedy trick with a short-term landing of a probe on the surface “to take a soil sample.” It became comedic because, to ensure the best performance of laser rangefinders, a reflective marker ball was dropped onto the surface of the asteroid. There were no engines on this ball either and... in short, the ball was not in the right place... So whether the Japanese "Falcon" landed on Itokawa, and what he did on it if he sat down, is unknown to science..." Conclusion: the Japanese miracle Hayabusa did not was able to detect no attraction between the 510 kg probe and the 35,000 ton asteroid.

Separately, I would like to note that the Russian scientist Nikolai Levashov gave a comprehensive explanation of the nature of gravity in his book “Heterogeneous Universe,” which he first published in 2002 - almost a year and a half before the launch of the Japanese Falcon. And, despite this, the Japanese “scientists” followed exactly in the footsteps of their American colleagues and carefully repeated all their mistakes, including landing. This is such an interesting continuity of “scientific thinking”...

5. Where do tides come from? A very interesting phenomenon described in the literature, to put it mildly, is not entirely correct. “...There are physics textbooks where it is written what the tides should be - in accordance with the “law of universal gravitation.” And there are textbooks on oceanography, where it is written what the tides really are. If the law of universal gravitation operates here, and ocean water is attracted, among other things, to the Sun and the Moon, then the “physical” and “oceanographic” patterns of tides should coincide. So do they match or not? It turns out that to say that they do not coincide is to say nothing. Because the “physical” and “oceanographic” pictures of tides have nothing in common with each other... The actual picture of tidal phenomena is so different from the theoretical one - both qualitatively and quantitatively - that it is impossible to pre-calculate tides on the basis of such a theory. Yes, no one is trying to do this. Not crazy after all. This is how they do it: for each port or other point that is of interest, the dynamics of the ocean level are modeled by the sum of oscillations with amplitudes and phases that are found purely empirically. And then they extrapolate this amount of fluctuations forward - and you get pre-calculations. The captains of the ships are happy - well, okay!..” This all means that our earthly tides also do not obey the “Law of Universal Gravitation”.

6. The moon moves around the Earth along a very strange trajectory. The Moon is the closest cosmic body to the Earth, and observations of it have been carried out for a very long time. It would seem that we should already know almost everything about the Moon and its orbit around the Earth. But “...the truth is that the parameters of the Moon’s orbit do not remain constant - the maximum and minimum distances change periodically. It would seem – well, what’s wrong with that? Why keep quiet about this? Oh, there really is a reason for that! According to the “law of universal gravitation”, the orbit of the unperturbed motion of the planet’s satellite is Keplerian – in particular, that very simple ellipse. And disturbances due to the action of a third body - in this case, the Sun - supposedly lead to the evolution of orbital parameters. But! They must evolve in concert: thus, a change in the semimajor axis must correspond to a change in the orbital period - in accordance with Kepler’s third law.

So: the movement of the Moon is an exception to this rule. The semimajor axis of its orbit changes with a period of 7 synodic months over 5500 km. The scope of the corresponding change in the orbital period, according to Kepler's third law, should be 14 hours. In reality, the change in the duration of a synodic month is only 5 hours, and the frequency of this change is not 7 synodic months, but 14! That is, in the case of the Moon’s orbit, the semimajor axis and the period of revolution evolve “in complete isolation” from each other - both in amplitude and periodicity! If such mocking behavior in no way follows from the “law of universal gravitation,” then how could it be possible to build a theory of the motion of the Moon on the basis of this law? No way. How was the theory of the motion of the Moon constructed? No way either. There is no “theory of the movement of the Moon”..."

The movement of the Moon around the Earth in reality does not occur at all as it should occur in accordance with the “Law of Universal Gravitation”.

These examples are quite enough. However, even with these examples, the reader will easily understand that the “Law of Universal Gravitation” is another invention of those circles that direct the vector of Humanity’s knowledge in a completely different direction, and would like people to remain at today’s very low level of evolutionary development, and better - they would sink even lower, right to the level of “intelligent animals”.

What is gravity really?

The real nature of gravity was clearly described for the first time in modern history by academician Nikolai Levashov in the fundamental scientific work “Heterogeneous Universe”. So that the reader can better understand what is written regarding gravity, I will give a small preliminary explanation.

The space around us is not empty. It is completely filled with many different matters, which Academician N.V. Levashov called it “prime matter”. Previously, scientists called this whole riot of matter “ether” and even received convincing evidence of its existence (the famous experiments of Dayton Miller, described in the article by Nikolai Levashov “The Theory of the Universe and Objective Reality”). Modern “scientists” have gone much further and now they call “ether” “dark matter”. Colossal progress! Some matters in the “ether” interact with each other to one degree or another, some do not. And some primary matter begins to interact with each other, falling into changed external conditions in certain space curvatures (inhomogeneities).

Space curvatures appear as a result of various explosions, including “supernova explosions.” “When a supernova explodes, fluctuations in the dimensionality of space arise, similar to the waves that appear on the surface of water after throwing a stone. The masses of matter ejected during the explosion fill these inhomogeneities in the dimension of space around the star. Planets begin to form from these masses of matter (Fig. 2.5.3 and Fig. 2.5.4)..."

Those. planets are not formed from space debris, as modern “scientists” for some reason claim, but are synthesized from the matter of stars and other primary matters, which begin to interact with each other in suitable inhomogeneities of space and form the so-called. "hybrid matter". It is from these “hybrid matters” that planets and everything else in our space are formed. Our planet, like the other planets, is not just a “piece of stone”, but a very complex system consisting of several spheres nested one inside the other (see Fig. 2.5.12). The densest sphere is called the “physically dense level” - this is what we see, the so-called. physical world. The second densest sphere of slightly larger size is the so-called. “ethereal material level” of the planet. The third sphere is the “astral material level.” The fourth sphere is the “first mental level” of the planet. The fifth sphere is the “second mental level” of the planet. And the sixth sphere is the “third mental level” of the planet.

Our planet should be considered only as the totality of these six spheres - six material levels of the planet, nested one within the other. Only in this case can you get a complete understanding of the structure and properties of the planet and the processes occurring in nature. The fact that we are not yet able to observe the processes occurring outside the physically dense sphere of our planet does not indicate that “there is nothing there,” but only that at present our senses are not adapted by nature for these purposes. And one more thing: our Universe, our planet Earth and everything else in our Universe is formed from seven different types of primary matter, merged into six hybrid matter. And this is neither a divine nor a unique phenomenon. This is simply the qualitative structure of our Universe, determined by the properties of the heterogeneity in which it was formed.

Let's continue: planets are formed by the merging of the corresponding primary matter in areas of inhomogeneity in space that have properties and qualities suitable for this. But these, as well as all other areas of space, contain a huge number of primordial matter (free forms of matter) of various types that do not interact or interact very weakly with hybrid matter. Getting into the area of ​​heterogeneity, many of these primary matters are affected by this heterogeneity and rush to its center, in accordance with the gradient (difference) of the dimension of space. And, if a planet has already formed in the center of this heterogeneity, then the primary matter, moving towards the center of the heterogeneity (and the center of the planet), creates a directed flow, which creates the so-called. gravitational field. And, accordingly, by gravity we need to understand the impact of the directed flow of primary matter on everything in its path. That is, simply put, gravity is the pressing of material objects to the surface of the planet by the flow of primary matter.

Isn’t it true that reality is very different from the fictitious law of “mutual attraction”, which supposedly exists everywhere for a reason that no one understands. Reality is much more interesting, much more complex and much simpler, at the same time. Therefore, the physics of real natural processes is much easier to understand than fictitious ones. And the use of real knowledge leads to real discoveries and the effective use of these discoveries, and not to concocted “world sensations.”

Antigravity

The word “antigravity” almost always leaves the reading public in awe, because it seems that a little more, just a little more, and science will finally discover something that will allow you to fly through the air like in the movies: without noise, without stinking exhaust and without danger fall to the sinful Earth. But what about: after all, if you turn on anti-gravity, you won’t fall until you turn it off... There is some truth in these dreams. However, in order for them to become reality, our science must study real natural processes, not fictitious ones! But today everything is happening the other way around: fundamental science is engaged in anything but fundamental research into real processes (for more information on this, see the article “Not all is well in the academic kingdom”).

As an example of today's scientific profanation, we can briefly analyze the explanation by “scientists” of the fact that “rays of light are bent near large masses,” and therefore we can see what is hidden from us by stars and planets.

Indeed, we can observe objects in Space that are hidden from us by other objects, but this phenomenon has nothing to do with the masses of objects, because the phenomenon of “universal gravity” does not exist, i.e. neither stars nor planets attract any rays to themselves and do not bend their trajectory! Why then do they “bend”? There is a very simple and convincing answer to this question: rays do not bend! They simply do not spread in a straight line, as we are used to understanding, but in accordance with the shape of space. If we consider a ray passing near a large cosmic body, then we must keep in mind that the ray bends around this body because it is forced to follow the curvature of space, like a road of the appropriate shape. And there is simply no other way for the beam. The beam cannot help but bend around this body, because the space in this area has such a curved shape... A small illustration of what has been said.

Now, returning to antigravity, it becomes clear why Humanity is unable to catch this nasty “antigravity” or achieve at least anything of what the clever functionaries of the dream factory show us on TV. For more than a hundred years now, we have been specially forced to use internal combustion engines or jet engines almost everywhere, although they are very far from perfect in terms of operating principle, design, and efficiency. We are specially forced to produce electricity using various generators of cyclopean sizes, and then transmit this energy through wires, where most of it is dissipated in space! We are deliberately forced to live the life of irrational beings, so we have no reason to be surprised that we are not succeeding in anything meaningful either in science, or in technology, or in economics, or in medicine, or in organizing a decent life in society.