What is better to drill a well or dig a well. Which is better: a well or a borehole - pros and cons, comparison, choice for home and garden. Siltation and care
Sooner or later, dacha owners who are not lucky enough to have a centralized water supply think about finding a source of water. In this case, the only option remains underground horizons. In order to decide which method of water extraction to choose - a well or a borehole, you should find out the advantages and disadvantages of each of them.
Well and well: differences
Let's look at the cost, complexity of maintenance and ease of use of a well and a borehole, as well as what service life and water quality should be expected in both cases.
Price
Due to the absence of the need for drilling and the use of heavy equipment, constructing a well will cost a much lesser amount. And even if you pump water from a well not manually, but with a pump, its cost cannot be compared with the price of well equipment.
The cost of a well depends on its depth and, accordingly, the required number of rings. Today, one concrete ring costs an average of 2 thousand rubles, and its digging is difficult. clay soil- about 15 thousand rubles. For example, for a well 12 meters deep you need 15 rings. Thus, this turnkey well will cost about 65-70 thousand rubles.
The cost of constructing a well primarily depends on the depth of drilling. It also reflects the time of year and the equipment used. We must not forget about the costs of purchasing casing pipes, a head and a pump.
Typically, the cost of drilling one meter of a well, carried out by drilling specialists, starts from 1.8 thousand rubles for “steel 20” pipes with a wall thickness of 4.5 millimeters and a threaded connection. And it remains constant regardless of the required depth.
In addition, the well should be equipped with a pump, for which you will have to pay from 30 thousand rubles. Then the total price of the well will start from the amount of 100 thousand rubles. To use water for drinking purposes, the well must be equipped with a filtration system, the price of which will be 50-250 thousand rubles.
Did you know? Although 70% of the Earth's surface is covered with water, only 1% is fresh. The problem of lack of resources is getting worse every year. Over the past fifty years, more than 500 conflicts related to access to drinking water, and 21 of them ended in hostilities.
Ease of use
The most ancient way extraction of water from underground sources. It is extremely versatile and performs its functions even in the absence of electricity; in this case, water can be obtained with an ordinary bucket.
However, the well has a limited supply of liquid, on average 150-250 liters per hour. Therefore, if it is necessary to service a large area, especially with big amount green spaces or a swimming pool, this amount may not be enough. In addition, a shallow well dug into high water is completely dependent on precipitation and can become shallow in dry times.
Artesian layers have a virtually inexhaustible supply, and you will not be limited in watering or other household needs. But if there is a power outage, it will be impossible to get liquid from the column. Therefore, in order to avoid finding yourself in a similar situation, you should provide an autonomous electricity generator or storage tank, which, naturally, will lead to even greater material costs.
Difficulties of care
The well must be used regularly, otherwise after 3-4 years it will begin to silt up. In addition, it should be cleaned and washed at least twice a year, and, if necessary, also treated with disinfectants.
There is no need to clean the well; there is a filter for this. Caring for her consists only of monitoring proper work equipment.
Unlike a pump, well water will not have a rusty taste. However, the ecological state surrounding area may affect its quality. Typically, the depth of the aquifer is from 5 to 25 meters. This is not much, so it can get into it from precipitation, runoff from nearby industries, or chemical fertilizers from farms.
Water from a well is of better quality, since it is extracted from deep horizons. Spring water has always been valued for its purity and benefits; it practically does not contain nitrates and salts of harmful metals. And thanks to the closed neck of the well, leaves, insects, frogs or any debris do not fall into it. However, this water may have a metallic or rusty taste.
Important! Please note that The groundwater are actually technical. And to bring them to drinking quality further cleaning is necessary, for example with a filtration system.
A properly constructed well will perform its functions properly for 30-50 years. The key to its long service life is care and timely cleaning.
A well-built well will also last for quite a long time - at least 25 years, depending on the selected equipment, maintenance, operating conditions and chemical composition liquids and soils. Artesian wells are characterized by higher durability - up to 50 years.
Types of wells: their pros and cons
There are two types of wells depending on the depth of groundwater.:
- mine;
- Abyssinian.
Shakhtny
If the groundwater is not deep and there is no need for large volumes of it, manual or mechanically dig a pit, strengthen its walls and arrange a head. In this case, you will get a shaft-type device, known to our ancestors. And modern Construction Materials will make it more reliable and durable.
Such a well collects liquid from the permanent aquifer closest to the surface. In most cases, the well is dug by hand, then the earth is removed, and the walls of the shaft are strengthened with concrete rings, finishing material(stone, brick) or wood (larch, pine, oak).
When a well is dug, it goes deep into the solid layer below the aquifer. Liquid rises manually or an electric pump. It gradually flows down from the horizons and accumulates in the well in a certain amount. If you take out all the water from the well, then new water will arrive only after some time.
Pros of a shaft well:
- relatively low labor intensity and price;
- work in conditions of lack of electricity;
- easy maintenance due to large diameter;
- ease of use.
Flaws:
- limited fluid supply;
- the likelihood of water pollution;
- the need to clean the walls and bottom;
- the likelihood of the well emptying in the heat.
Abyssinian
Such a well is installed when there is no need for a powerful well. Its second name is needle well. It does not require heavy equipment or large excavations; it is dug by hand drilling or using compact equipment.
The construction of such a well consists of installing a small cross-section pipe (up to 4 cm) to the depth of the upper aquifer. For best dive pipes into the ground, it is equipped with a conical tip with a diameter 4-5 cm larger than the diameter of the pipe itself. Wherein Bottom part The pipes are equipped with a filter that protects against contamination. The liquid is supplied to the surface by a self-priming pump.
The maximum depth of the Abyssinian well is 12-13 meters. Such a well can be installed in any convenient location, avoiding close proximity to gutters or drains. Also, there should be no clay at the water intake site to prevent the filter from clogging. It is necessary to take into account that the igloo well should be preserved for the winter: dismantle the pump, drain the water, and put a plug on the well.
Advantages:
- greater volume of water than in a mine well;
- simplicity of design;
- relatively low costs;
- cleaner water than in a regular well.
Flaws:
- does not work without electricity;
- needs to be preserved for the winter.
Did you know? Studies have shown that water reduces the potential risk of heart attack. It was found that people who drink six glasses clean water per day, were less likely to have a heart attack compared to those who drank just two glasses.
Types of wells with their pros and cons
There are two main types of wells - sand and artesian. Let's look at how they differ and what advantages and disadvantages each of these types has.
Sandy (filter)
The peculiarity of such a well is that it is drilled in sandy soil. Its depth can reach up to 30 meters, and its maximum service life is 15 years. Although practice shows that on average this figure is about 7 years, which is one of the disadvantages of this type of well.
Another disadvantage is the limited supply of liquid - about 500 liters per hour and not very much high quality due to the ingress of precipitation into aquifer sands. However, the dirtiest water does not get into them, so the water will be of slightly better quality than from a well. In addition, to avoid silting, it must be used regularly.
However, if we compare it with the artesian one, the advantages include: lower cost, use small-sized equipment, short time construction and low iron content.
Artesian
Pipe or artesian mines are called mines with a depth of over 20 meters, which take water from the artesian layer located between two waterproof layers. Such work is carried out only with the help of heavy equipment, and sometimes the drilling depth can reach 200 meters. Artesian well on average produces 2 cubic meters of liquid per hour and at favorable conditions can last up to 50 years.
The well itself consists of plastic or metal casing pipes, a caisson, pumping equipment and automation systems. All work on its construction and connection must be carried out only by specialists.
Artesian water usually has a very good quality due to reliable protection from surface contamination. It can fully provide all the needs of a private home. However, before using water for drinking purposes, you need to make it chemical analysis and depending on its results, install a cleaning system.
Pros:
- high performance;
- good water quality;
- durability of the structure;
- Irregular use is allowed.
- high price works and equipment;
- high mineralization of water;
- inability to work without electricity;
- impossibility of cleaning in case of silting.
Important!It is better not to dig even the simplest mine-type well yourself, but to invite specialists. Because there is a risk of encountering a so-called “floater”, which can lead to tragedy.
How to make a choice: to summarize
In order to decide on the method of water extraction at the dacha, you need to analyze several factors:
- ground water level;
- volume of water required on the farm;
- material capabilities;
- possibility of installing pumping equipment.
“Which is better: a well or a borehole?” - this is the question that arises among owners of large country cottages and little ones summer cottages. Indeed, in the absence of a centralized water supply, citizens have to independently solve the problem of water extraction.
Rain alone is not enough for all household needs. You need to drill a well or dig a well. Both methods of water supply have their advantages and disadvantages. Before you begin building a well or drilling a well, you need to carefully study the cost of the work, as well as the problems of installation and operation of a particular hydraulic structure.
Water resources are located underground at different depths. The distance to them is determined by lush vegetation, heavy evening fog, heavy dew, by the habits of animals or using parapsychological practices. The most accurate result is provided by test drilling.
Dowsing method for detecting water in an area
Exploration work is carried out mainly in the summer in not very rainy weather. Before digging a well or drilling a well, you need to correctly calculate the distance to the water source and determine which water is best to use. It is advisable to involve in the installation of hydraulic structures professional craftsmen. They will complete the work quickly and efficiently, within two weeks. However, you will have to pay for their services minimum 20 thousand rubles.
Drilling a well on the site
Classification of underground water reserves:
- Soil. They are located in a fertile root-inhabited layer of the earth (from 20 cm to 3 m), moisture reserves are replenished due to precipitation, and do not have waterproofing. It is not recommended to use for drinking and water supply needs.
- Ground (upper water). Are under fertile layer lands (3-20 m), are formed with the help of waterproof rocks (clay and loams), reserves are replenished due to precipitation, and are free-flowing. Used for domestic needs and irrigation, not recommended for drinking water.
- Interlayer. They are located between two waterproof layers (20-100 m), moisture reserves are replenished due to the seepage of groundwater, have hydrostatic pressure, and are pressure. Used for household needs and drinking.
- Artesian. A type of interstratal water, the basin has a vast territory, is under pressure, and is located at a depth of 100 to 1000 m. Well insulated from contamination.
Water supply sources. The deeper the well, the better and cleaner the water
When extracting underground resources, it is undesirable to use perched water or soil water. They are not permanent aquifers. The appearance of moisture in them depends on precipitation and the time of year.
Verkhodka and soil waters are highly polluted and are used only for irrigation.
In addition, the liquid in them cannot be purified, since it lies shallow and does not have time to completely filter through the thickness of the earth.
The optimal solution for water supply is the use of deep interstratal sources. The water in such areas is cleaner, as it has time to filter through several layers of soil.
The liquid from the artesian horizon is considered to be of the highest quality.
Interstratal layers contain a lot of water. The volume of liquid in them can last for several decades. The only problem is the high cost of extracting water from deep aquifers.
A cottage is a large house in which everything engineering systems must function smoothly and smoothly. This type of construction is characterized by a huge amount of water consumption.
Suitable as a source of water supply for a cottage only individual artesian well, the depth of which is about 100 meters.
For a private house, it is best to drill a deep well to the artesian horizon
Why is it better to use deep wells for cottages:
- They have a longer service life.
- They have high water yield.
- Characterized by excellent water quality.
- They have a constant level and pressure.
The cost of drilling an artesian hole is about 2,100 rubles per 1 linear meter. One such well can be enough to supply water to several cottages. Artesian water is very clean. It is saturated with beneficial mineral salts and is most suitable for drinking.
However, an artesian well has its disadvantages, such as dependence on electricity. If there is a power outage, the pump stops working. In order to eliminate this problem, it is recommended to install an autonomous electric generator in the house.
Water at the dacha is needed for irrigation green spaces, household needs, cooking and drinking.
The problem of water supply is solved by organizing a well (for the perched water or the first aquifer) or a small (up to 40 m) well.
You can make a well in your dacha yourself
To supply water to summer cottages, soil and shallow interstratal horizons are developed.
To build wells or drill shallow wells for dachas, as a rule, the upper aquifer is used. It is replenished due to the seepage of precipitation, and sometimes from nearby rivers, lakes or swamps. Such hydraulic installations are not very expensive. If desired, you can dig a small well yourself and spend only on materials (about 25 thousand rubles).
Drill artesian wells on small suburban areas undesirable - installation work is too expensive (from 300 thousand rubles). If people are at their dacha once a week or a few days a year, then they do not need too much water, so the cost of installing a water supply can be minimized.
Installing one well ring costs approximately the same as drilling one meter of well. There is almost no difference. The cost of drilling one meter of well along with laying one linear meter pipes - about 1,900 rubles. The cost of a well ring and its installation is about 2,000 rubles.
It is also necessary to take into account some of the nuances of the work. For example, the cost of installing the eleventh well ring will be approximately 500 rubles higher than the previous ten. The price of one meter of well remains constant, regardless of the drilling depth.
However Ototal cost drilling work higher than the cost of installing a well . The final price for drilling an artesian well and installing equipment is about 300 thousand rubles. Work on installing a well will cost 25-50 thousand rubles.
Drilling a well is much more expensive than digging a well
Water from a well is worse than its counterpart from a deep well. This conclusion can be reached for several reasons. The fact is that the well is fed by shallow groundwater sources. The moisture in them does not have time to completely cleanse itself of contaminants. Well water may contain E. coli and other pathogenic flora.
Water from a well is worse than from a well, as it is less purified
Liquid from wells is cleaner, since its source is deeper interstratal horizons or artesian aquifers. The water in them contains many mineral salts. It is completely free of pathogenic microorganisms.
If the source of water supply is a well dug to high water, then the water reserves in it are small, and they are highly dependent on precipitation. During dry summers, moisture may disappear altogether.
If a well or borehole is fed by waters of the first or second horizon, then such depths provide a more constant water level. Uninterrupted water supply over a long period is guaranteed only by artesian wells.
The deeper the well or borehole, the less likely it is to dry up.
Water can be collected from a well manually, for example, using a crane, a gate, buckets and a rope. Such a source of water supply does not depend at all on the availability of electricity in the country.
No electricity is needed to collect water from a shallow well.
However, if the well is too deep, then the liquid must be pumped out of it using an electric pump. This method requires an electrical outlet and can be used if electricity is supplied to the house.
Water is drawn from wells exclusively by using an electric pump. If the power supply suddenly stops, the water supply stops working for some time.
To draw a cart and a well, an electric pump is required; therefore, electricity is required
Providing water in the event of a power outage is solved in the following ways: using an autonomous electric generator or through installation in a building, for example, in basement, large storage capacity.
Operating time
Depending on the cost and quality of the materials used, the period of operation of a well or borehole may vary. A well-made hydraulic structure will last longer. The operating time of wells is about 20 years, wells – more than 25 years. If low-grade and cheap materials, the structure will last no more than two years.
The duration of use of a well or borehole is also affected by the water reserves in the aquifer. The source can completely exhaust itself after 5-10 years. If there is enough water in the aquifer, then the hydraulic installation will last as long as 50 years or more.
To solve the water supply problem, wells are mainly built in small suburban dacha plots. These structures consist of a trunk, a water intake bottom and a wooden overhead canopy.
A simple well for a summer house
In order to make a well, you need to dig a shaft to the aquifer, build walls, install a filter at the bottom, pump out dirty water, make a blind area around it. At the end, equip the well with a water-lifting mechanism, and build a small one on top of the pit. wooden house to prevent leaves, dust, debris and other dirt from getting into the well.
What materials are needed to construct a well:
- at least 10-15 reinforced concrete rings with a diameter of 1 m and a height of 90 cm (about 2,000 rubles per 1 piece);
- sand, pebbles for bottom filter;
- gate (4,000 rub.);
- house (10,000 rub.);
- buckets;
- ropes, chains;
- optional - pumps (RUB 6,000);
An example of a drawing of a small well
What determines the cost of installing a well:
- depending on the type of soil - the softer the soil, the cheaper the installation;
- depth of water – the deeper, the higher the cost;
- number of installed reinforced concrete rings;
- cost of additional materials;
- labor costs for workers (about 20 thousand rubles).
Pros of wells:
- low financial costs for materials;
- can be installed on our own or with the help of friends and neighbors;
- to lift the liquid up you need to use a rope, chain and bucket;
- if electricity is available, an electric pump can be used;
- the cost of a well pump is low;
- the operation of the hydraulic installation does not depend on electricity;
- A properly constructed structure can last up to 50 years.
Disadvantages of wells:
- high risk of contamination;
- in dry seasons it can dry out completely;
- once a year or once every three years it is necessary to clean off silt;
- low water intake - gives about 150 liters per hour.
There is enough water from the well to water a small garden and cook food for a family of four. However, in order to simultaneously take a bath or shower, wash clothes, wash dishes in dishwasher, fill the pool, there may not be enough liquid.
Wells are drilled to obtain groundwater or interstratal water. There are two types of drilling - for sand or for artesian sources.
Extraction of deep interstratal waters is licensed. For drilling Abyssinian well before ground sources permission from government agencies is not required.
In order to reach deep aquifers, it is necessary to drill into the ground to a depth of one hundred meters or deeper.
Artesian wells are drilled through specialized drilling organizations. The cost of work depends on the depth of water, type of soil, materials used and drilling technology. One meter of an artesian well costs from two to five thousand rubles. The cost of 1 m of work includes the price of one linear meter of pipe. If the water depth is up to 100 m, then finished building together with digging a well and installing equipment, it will cost at least 300 thousand rubles.
Well drilling
For artesian drilling, drilling rigs based on trucks and trucks for removing excavated soil. Cars are provided with free access to the work site. The width of the gate at the entrance to the territory must be at least three meters.
Electricity must be supplied to the area where the work is being carried out. In order to ensure water supply to the house, you need to install a pump, arrange a caisson or adapter, and bring pipes to the building. The total cost of installing a well includes the price of drilling, installation of equipment and laying a pipeline to the cottage.
Before drilling to the artesian horizon, you need to obtain a license from the Center (or branch) of state monitoring of subsoil conditions. For getting permitting documents It is necessary to first calculate the approximate water consumption per day.
Example of a license for drilling a well
Table water consumption per hour in a residential cottage:
What is needed to obtain a license:
- certificate of ownership or lease agreement for a plot of land;
- calculation of water consumption agreed with the Ministry of Natural Resources;
- conclusion from Rospotrebnadzor that the territory is suitable for drilling a well (zone size - 60x60 m);
- design documentation;
- conclusion of geological examination;
- paid state duty (RUB 7,500).
By using drilling rigs you can get to the water, no matter how deep it lies (up to 1,000 m). Artesian aquifers are often under pressure. The water from them rises to the surface under pressure, even without a pump.
How to install equipment:
- Determine the depth of the well.
- They drill a hole in the ground.
- The column is set up and washed.
- Pump the water until crystal clear.
- Pumping equipment is being installed.
- Pipes are brought to the building.
Construction of a well for a home
What materials are needed to construct an artesian well:
- casing pipes for a well of the required diameter;
- filter;
- caisson;
- well pump;
- adapter;
- head;
- hydraulic accumulator;
- installation materials;
- fitting;
- cement, crushed stone, sand.
How much equipment for drilling wells can cost:
- steel pipes – 1.8 thousand rubles. per linear meter;
- PVC pipes – 2.4 thousand rubles. per linear meter;
- caisson - 18-30 thousand rubles;
- well pump - 20-40 thousand rubles;
- hydraulic accumulator - 7 thousand rubles;
- filters - from 50 thousand rubles.
Well advantages:
- allows access to clean deep waters;
- provides excellent quality water without chemical substances and dangerous microorganisms;
- provides a stable flow of water;
- has high water yield - up to 5,000 liters per hour;
- supplies a large number of water for a long time;
- constantly supplies water under high pressure;
- works regularly and does not depend on the dry season;
- never dries out;
- purifies liquid using two filters – a natural ground filter and one installed in the house;
- does not require annual cleaning;
- preventive maintenance is carried out every 10 years;
- The period of operation depending on the area of the pool is 20-50 years.
Water intake from a well
Disadvantages of wells:
- high cost of materials and installation of equipment;
- for drilling it is necessary to attract a specialized company;
- because of metal pipes water may have bad smell and rusty color;
- due to strong mineralization, the liquid may be unsuitable for watering green spaces;
- in case of high content of iron, calcium, fluorine or magnesium salts, the water must be further purified.
Let's sum it up
Below we provide a table with the main criteria for choosing which source of water supply will be better for you - a well or a borehole. You can compare all these parameters and come to your own decision.
| Criterion | Well | Well |
| Installation cost | 25-50 thousand rubles | About 300 thousand rubles |
| Difficulty of installation | You can do it yourself | Need to hire workers |
| Water quality | Worse than in a well | Better than in a well |
| Source stability | May dry out if shallow | Minimum chance of drying out |
| Need for electricity | No | Eat |
| Operating time | More than 25 years | Less than 20 years |
| Requirement for a license | No | Eat |
| Water intake amount | Low, 150 liters per hour | High, up to 5,000 per hour |
| Annual cleaning | Need | Need not |
| Which area is it suitable for? | Country house | House |
Modern cottage or ordinary country cottage area It is impossible to imagine without water. It is needed for cooking, taking a bath, watering the garden, flower bed or garden. You can build a hydraulic installation yourself or with the help of craftsmen or by calling a special drilling organization.
For small country house An ordinary well will suffice. If desired, you can dig it with the help of friends or neighbors. Thus, the costs of hydraulic structures are reduced to a minimum.
For a large cottage, a small well will not be enough. In order to meet the needs of the residents of a huge house, it is necessary to drill a deep artesian well nearby. Such a hydraulic installation is not cheap. To build it you will need a special license. A team of drillers will have to be involved in the work. However, installing an artesian well will provide all residents of the house with free water for the next twenty-five or fifty years.
Which is better: a well or a borehole - pros and cons, comparison, choice for home and garden
Humanity has never lived without water, and there is nothing to say about modern man, for whom issues of hygiene and comfort come first. Moreover, water must not only be available, but meet the requirements for accessibility, quality, quantity, cost and other factors.
Often a well or borehole is an additional option to the central water supply of a house.
That is why many owners of private houses in settlements with centralized water supply, as well as owners of country cottages or summer cottages are thinking about installing a personal water intake source. And the first question that arises is the choice of what is better, a well or a well. Since the category “better/worse”, “cheap/expensive” in relation to the source of water is quite subjective, in order to choose correct option, you need to study a number of factors that determine the choice.
Let's start with the concepts: what is a well and what is a borehole?
- well– narrow, deep hole, designed to collect water, the bottom of which rests on an aquifer. Digging a well is the oldest method of obtaining water.
- well– production round section in the ground, also intended for water intake. Wells became widespread much later, but today they are a more technologically advanced way of organizing private water supply.
Impossible to do informed choice only based on the definition. Therefore, below we should briefly consider the types of wells and boreholes, as well as the process of their construction.
The well combines three elements: the head (the part of the well protruding above the surface), the shaft (trunk), and the water intake.
The depth of the well depends on the location of the aquifer and its debit (the amount of water that enters the well per unit of time). Since more saturated aquifers are located at a depth of over 8 meters, the depth of the well can reach 10-16 m.
Although, in fairness, we note that there are wells up to 300 m deep (Turkmenistan).
In most cases, the well is dug by hand, the earth is removed, and the walls of the shaft are reinforced with concrete rings, piece finishing material (brick, stone) or wood (oak, pine, larch). Using a well requires periodic cleaning, and its service life can exceed a hundred years.
Pros and cons of a well
Arguments in favor of digging a well include:
- low cost of work;
- the ability to dig a well with your own hands;
- significant diameter, which simplifies maintenance of the well;
- continuous water supply. Even in the absence of electricity, water can be supplied manually;
- ease of use.
Arguments in opposition include:
- the probability of flooding the well with high water, i.e. water from the surface or melt water. The quality of the perched water is very low, so the water in the well may become unsuitable for consumption. However, experienced diggers eliminate the possibility of flooding by creating a “clay stocking.” To do this, place clay in the well pit to a depth of 2-3 rings (depending on the level of precipitation and the level of groundwater). As well as permanent blind area devices near the head;
- labor intensity of digging;
- the likelihood of water “leaving” the well. This is possible if the well is not dug deep and the period is dry, or the well is dug during high water(winter or spring);
- the need to clean the walls of the well and the bottom;
- difficulty in complying with safety regulations. There are known cases when the mine ring, placed in a floater, moved to the side, causing damage to the worker.
Based on the principle of manufacturability and the possibility of mechanized drilling to different depths, wells can be divided into two types:
1. Sand well or filter well
The depth of such a well is limited to 30 meters, although it can reach 50. The diameter does not exceed 150 mm, and the service life is up to 15 years.
Ecology of consumption. Estate: Not all dacha and gardening communities can boast of having central water supply. Some gardeners, despite the fact that their plots are supplied with running water, opt for a well or a well. What are the reasons for their preference?
Not all dacha and gardening communities can boast of having a central water supply. Some gardeners, despite the fact that their plots are supplied with running water, opt for a well or a well. What are the reasons for their preference?
What is better, a well or a borehole in a summer cottage?
It happens that a well or borehole is the only source of water supply in a summer cottage. Without water, you won’t be able to cook food, water plants, or take a bath. In this case, the reason is obvious.
But sometimes summer residents dig wells or boreholes, even if there is a central water supply on the site. The reason for this is poor quality water from plumbing system. This may also be due to insufficient water, because very often in summer period its supply is limited in time. A large number of people using the water supply also negatively affects the level of water pressure.
It happens that there are interruptions in the water supply due to malfunctions of the central water supply system. Then you will have to extract water from your own well or well.
There is no doubt that the site needs its own source of water supply.
All that remains is to determine what it will be: a well or a well? Most gardeners face this problem sooner or later.
Determining the nature of the soil
Before you start building your water supply source, you should determine the nature of the soil and find out at what depth the aquifer lies. Some amount useful information You can find out from neighbors who already have experience in similar construction. But the services of specialists will be more effective.
Various rocks occur in earth's crust, forming layers (clay layers, sand, black soil). During the construction of a mine, a formation may be discovered that has the ability to release water. This suggests that underneath there is an impermeable horizon that does not allow water to pass through. Typically, this is a clay layer and is called aquifer.
On different areas The aquifer has its own degree of smoothness and uniformity, so there are different aquifers with different volumes. The number of layers and the depth to which they lie depend on the nature of the soil. The purity of water is affected by the purity of the soil and the depth at which the water is located.
Classification of groundwater reserves
There are the following types of water resources lying underground:
- perched water;
- ground water;
- artesian type of water resources
Closest to the earth's surface is the perched water - a layer characterized by its inconstancy. It's pretty dirty organic substances and has a lot of iron available.
IN winter period or during drought, this layer may disappear. If the perched water is located at a short distance from the surface of the earth, then swampy areas may form in this place. This water cannot be used, therefore, when constructing a well, it must be isolated. Verkhovodka lies to a depth of no more than 4 meters.
The waters that are located below the high water level on the nearest aquifer are called groundwater. This free-flow water, which in the well shaft are located at the same depth as when they were in the rock. When reaching the surface of the earth, groundwater forms springs or springs. The greatest depth to which groundwater occurs is 10 meters.
Artesian water resources lie quite deep in the aquifer types of layers. They are located under superpressure between two pressure layers; it is not for nothing that they are called pressure layers. They lie at a depth of over 40 meters.
Construction of a mine well
To build a well on a summer cottage, you need to dig a shaft. This can be done either manually or using special machines. The decisive factors when choosing a method are the availability of labor resources and finances.
Advantages of a well over a well:
- requires lower financial costs compared to a well;
- well rings are much wider, which ensures unhindered maintenance of the well: cleaning it and changing the pump;
- Even if the power supply is interrupted, the water can be raised upward using a pump.
The disadvantages of the well include:
- wells have less water reserve;
- The purity of well water is much lower than in a well. This is especially noticeable in spring period and after the rains.
The cost of a well has a lot to do with how many rings will be used.
The construction of one well takes from 5 to 10 rings. Installation is carried out within 24 hours.
Construction of an Abyssinian (driving) well
This unusual name was given to the well by its country of origin – Ethiopia (Abyssinia). It was there that it was invented in the 19th century.
The Abyssinian variety of well consists of a pipe up to an inch in diameter. The pipe length is possible up to 15 meters.
The top of the pipe is equipped with a pump, and at the bottom there is a filter mesh with small cells. The service life of the well is 10 years or more. The volume of water that comes from the well in one hour is approximately 1 cubic meter.
Pros:
- to install the structure you do not need to use large devices;
- a well can even be built in a basement or garage.
Installing an Abyssinian well will not require large financial investments.
Minuses:
- the construction of Abyssinian wells is possible exclusively on soft and loose soils;
- due to the fact that water rises with the help of vacuum pumps, the water level should not be at a depth exceeding 8 meters.
Typically, the price for Abyssinian well is fixed and its depth does not affect its cost in any way.
Well construction
- The advantages of wells (tube wells) include the fact that the water in them is much cleaner than well water. The wells contain a large supply of it;
The negative point is the high cost of the well and the impossibility of producing water if the pump breaks down.
The construction of wells is carried out by teams specializing in these services.
Wells and their varieties
Wells according to the drilling method are divided into:
- filters, which are drilled into sand;
- Artesian wells are drilled into limestone.
Filter wells reach from 10 to 35 meters in depth, their diameter varies in the range of 127 - 133 millimeters. The period of use can last up to 15 years.
The advantages of sand wells include:
- the drilling procedure takes about a day;
- do not require the use of large devices;
- do not require registration or license;
- it is possible to use cheap pumps;
- a small amount of iron in the water.
The disadvantages include:
- sludge formation;
- small amount of supplied water;
- high cost of well cleaning services;
The operational period is 50 years or more.
Advantages of an artesian well:
- long service life;
- not prone to silting;
- not susceptible to contamination surface runoff;
- large volume of supplied water.
Negative points:
- high cost;
- a long period licensing;
- mandatory water tax;
- expensive equipment;
- There may be various impurities hazardous to health in the water.
Which pipes are best to use for a water well?
For the construction of wells, seamless steel pipes are used. Steel should not be galvanized, because zinc has a detrimental effect on human health.
An excellent solution is a plastic pipe installed inside a steel casing. This can lead to higher installation costs.
Chemical analysis time
It is advisable to carry out a chemical analysis of water approximately a month after the launch of the well system. The choice of equipment depends on the results obtained.
When choosing a source of water supply, you should remember that it should be as comfortable and easy to use as possible. published
Autonomous water supply in a private house or country house is provided by the two most common methods - drilling a well or digging a well, let's look at which is better.
Both options have their advantages and disadvantages.
Wells
The most common types:
- Key.
- Shakhtny.
- Abyssinian.
A special feature of a key well is the obligatory presence of an aquifer that flows to the surface. For example, a spring. On the perimeter at one square meter a recess is dug in which the walls are strengthened and a tank is installed. All liquid coming from the key accumulates in the container. With such a source, a prerequisite is the presence of a drainage channel.
The most common type autonomous source- mine well. The digging depth of the structure is up to 25 m. It is there that the aquifers of groundwater of clay and sand layers are concentrated. The excavation of the mine is done manually or mechanically. After reaching the required depth in the trunk, be sure to install reinforced concrete rings or strengthen the trunk with brick and stone.
Important: the shaft should pierce the water layer and form a bottom on hard ground, 2–3 meters below, forming a pocket.
The Abyssinian spring is very similar to a well. To install it, a drilling machine or a wedge with a pointed tip is often used. The ramrod is clogged with a “woman”, then the liquid goes up through this pipe. A tube well is suitable for areas with a water layer of 5–8 m.
Wells
Drilling is carried out with special installations.
There are two main types:
- Limestone.
- Sandy.
The first ones are also called artesian. The layer into which the shaft is inserted lies at a depth of 50 to 100 m. At this level there are limestone layers in which filtered water accumulates. The higher the casing, the purer the aquifer. Characteristic wells on limestone - constant pressure inside the mine.
The sand layers are located higher, from 20 to 50 m. Drilling to such a depth does not require the mandatory execution of documents for the right to use the subsoil. Liquid from such a source is also considered quite clean and suitable for consumption even without special filtration.
Water quality
The difference between a well and a borehole is quite large. It's all about the aquifers, which are located at different depths. The well, drilled into sand up to 50 m, meets all sanitary control standards.
But only analysis in the laboratory will help you more accurately determine the suitability of the source. The flow rate of the installation depends on the correct drilling and installation casing pipe. Another important factor in the constant presence of liquid is the aquifer itself.
In artesian wells water resource cleaner and more reliable. Due to the passage of liquid through several layers of soil and clay, it is purified and filtered. Often the flow rate of the source is so strong that it comes from the depths to the surface. Getting into such a vein is a great success for the owners of the land plot.
Important: quality can decrease significantly if the barrel is not cleaned every 3-5 years.
A key well can dry up at any moment or last for decades. As for water quality, it is relatively high. The pressure that forces fluid to move from the subsurface to the surface, pushing it through multiple rocks of the soil, purifying it.
In a mine well, the water still needs to be reached and its quality leaves much to be desired. In this case, you need to know exactly where to start excavation work. Often it is unsuitable for drinking and cooking. On garden plot or in the country house it can be used for watering or animals.
The Abyssinian spring is deeper than the mine one, which means the water in it is cleaner. The core well is not in danger of silting. The aquifer through which the pipe passes lies at a depth of up to 40 m. The source is recharged through the upper and lower sand layers. The artesian located nearby provides positive influence to the well's flow rate.
Complexity of construction and maintenance work
The key source is located on the surface of the earth, and this complicates the construction of a high-quality reservoir around it. The formation of a sealed container for collecting water occurs outside the stream, then the channel is lengthened, changing the channel. It is difficult to know the amount of liquid coming from the depths and to correctly calculate the container so that it does not stagnate, but constantly circulates.
The mine spring has a diameter of 800 cm to 2 m. The easiest way is to dig it by hand. This will save on equipment rental, but will require serious labor feats from workers. Another problem may be the appearance of water at a level of 10–20 m; it will have to be pumped out deep or, since the installation of the shaft walls is carried out dry. During the earthworks A large amount of soil accumulates around, it will have to be removed or leveled. It is also necessary to clean the shaft and walls; this procedure is performed once every three years.
The Abyssinian well is a rather unique way to provide water to a summer cottage or a private house. The basic principle of installing a core shaft is the method of driving the pipe into the ground. At the end of the rod there is a solid pointed head, and the head itself is hollow and made of thick-walled metal. The difficulty is to drive the barrel to the required depth.
Wells
Sand up to a depth of 50 m can be drilled with different drilling rigs. Power units based on off-road trucks require certain conditions for work. The solution to the problem is small-sized drilling rigs without any heavy equipment. Before starting work, you will have to carry out geological procedures to find a place to drill.
An artesian well is the most complex and expensive source. The water horizon on limestone soil is located at a depth of 50 to 100 m. Only a powerful installation with a diamond-coated drill can drill a mine. An artesian well can cost site owners up to 3 thousand rubles per meter. It should be remembered that for an artesian you will have to pay a tax for the use of subsoil.
Differences in autonomy, service life and performance
Well :
- Key - considered a seasonal means of water supply. The peak occurs in autumn and spring, when the veins fill due to melting snow or constant heavy rains. In winter the spring freezes. If the water does not freeze in winter and continues to flow to the surface, ice forms around the spring, which grows every day. This is the reason why the tank cannot be filled. In summer, the spring dries up and the volume of liquid can decrease sharply.
- Mine - considered year-round. At a depth of 2 meters, soil and water do not freeze in winter. Frost and ice can only form on the lid or top of the well shaft. This problem can be solved by insulating or building a small protective structure. In autumn and spring, purity may decrease due to the constant flow of melt water and rain into the soil. The liquid in it may become cloudy or smell like mud.
- Tubular - produces the lowest flow rate. The diameter of the pipe is small, and filling with the resource occurs gradually. There will always be water in such a source, but its quantity depends on the rate of consumption. After pumping out a large volume, you will have to wait some time for filling.
On a small plot of land, but at permanent residence and when the arrangement of buildings is very dense, communications are not adjacent in the best possible way, it's better to drill.
Constant exposure external factors Over time, it can significantly deteriorate the quality of water, which cannot be said about deep layers, which are simply more difficult to penetrate.
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