Private space exploration in Russia: what can domestic non-state space companies offer? Private space companies will send Roscosmos to the scrap heap
Until quite recently, space was accessible and of interest only to the governments of leading countries, because space launches were very expensive, and their successes were used mainly in the political arena. In modern society, there has become satiety with space achievements: flights to the ISS have become commonplace, telephone communications and even television are transmitted over the Internet, photographs of the earth's surface are freely available. The Space Shuttle took off. Perhaps the only space service of interest to the planet's population is global positioning. The question arises: what should a person do in space?
As it turns out, there are still a lot of rocket science enthusiasts. As usual, it's all about money. There were people willing to spend their considerable savings on their childhood dream of flying into space.
In an incredibly short time, private projects have offered their options for almost all types of space services. The most tasty morsel seems to be the entertainment sector: from taking tourists into the stratosphere to settling on Mars (the main cost coverage is expected by selling a live broadcast of the event). Also targeted are Earth remote sensing services and various types communications. The ongoing miniaturization of electronics already makes it possible to create a spacecraft literally on the table. And since the cost of launching into space is proportional to the weight, the desire to have your own satellite no longer seems unrealistic.
And of course, the living legend of modern astronautics is the CEO of SpaceX, Elon Musk, who stated that he founded the company with the main goal of helping humanity become multiplanetary. True, there is another topic:
What do we (humanity) expect to see in the near future?
Domestic private space
Presented by Sputniks (Satellite Innovative Space Systems LLC) and Dauria Aerospace. Both companies produce microsatellites for Roscosmos and other interested parties. Sputniks proposes to launch small satellites into orbit using universal transport and launch mechanisms, integrating them onto domestic launch vehicles, and provides ground-based infrastructure for controlling and receiving data from them. Dauria's order portfolio includes two geostationary telecommunications satellites for India and two remote sensing (Earth remote sensing) devices for Roscosmos, which will be put into operation in 2015. On July 8, 2014, using the Soyuz-2.1b launch vehicle, the company launched the third device: experimental platform DX-1. Earlier in June, the Dnepr rocket successfully launched two Perseus-M microsatellites into orbit. These devices are based on the company’s own microsatellite platform and carry on board instruments for monitoring sea vessels.At the stage of stratospheric testing, the star satellite of the “Your Space Sector” community:
Cosmonautics is a company of like-minded people and interesting work, not a team of slackers and a lack of interesting projects; this is science and creativity, and not blind copying of the heritage of fathers and grandfathers, this is our shining tomorrow, and not a fading yesterday.
More recently, the Lean Industrial company has been highlighted by attracting funds from virtual tank builders. It’s still difficult to say whether they will be able to create something that can fly in hardware; their plans are too ambitious.
Non-domestic space
Xcor Aerospace's Lynx is a two-seat suborbital spaceplane capable of taking off and landing on a conventional runway. In addition to entertaining commercial passengers, scientific experiments are planned. XCOR has already signed a contract with the Southwest Research Institute to fly its scientists and conduct experiments in suborbital space. The company plans to sell tickets for $95,000.Exos Aerospace, formed in May 2014 from Armadillo Aerospace, is developing spacecraft for vertical launch suborbital flights. The device will accommodate two passengers. Space tour operator Space Adventures is booking seats on the ship for $110,000. A man from Arizona recently won a free flight in a competition hosted by Space Adventures and Seattle's Space Needle, although the date of his flight has not yet been set.
Bigelow Aerospace designs and builds large, expandable modules that will be the centerpiece of private space stations in orbit. The company has already conducted two in-orbit tests of prototypes in 2006 and 2007. The six-seat module BA 330 provides approximately 330 cubic meters of useful volume. Bigelow envisions linking at least two 330s together. The company has contracts with Boeing and SpaceX to transport passengers to huge space hotels. Potential clients include space agencies, government departments and research groups.
Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen recently teamed up with aerospace pioneer engineer Burt Rutan to create a venture called Stratolaunch Systems. The company plans to launch rockets into space from a carrier aircraft that will be the largest aircraft in history, with a wingspan of 117 meters. Stratolaunch will initially launch cargo and satellites into space, but eventually hopes to launch astronauts as well. The first test flight is scheduled for 2015, commercial launches are possible from 2016.
Liberty Launch Vehicle, which produced solid rocket boosters for the Space Shuttle, has teamed up with Lockheed Martin and Europe's Astrium to develop its own system for launching astronauts into low Earth orbit. The upgraded 91-meter Liberty rocket will carry a capsule with seven passengers into orbit. Test flights of the system will begin in 2014, with the launch of the first astronaut expected at the end of 2015. If successful, commercial flights will be possible from 2016.
Blue Origin, created by Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos, hopes to win a NASA contract to fly astronauts to the International Space Station. The spacecraft being created is designed to carry seven passengers or a combination of cargo and crew. The company is developing a reusable first stage of the launch vehicle to make launch as cheap as possible. Company representatives claim that commercial flights of the spacecraft will begin by 2018. Blue Origin is also developing a suborbital spacecraft called New Shepard, which will be equipped with a reusable propulsion module.
Sierra Nevada's Dream Chaser is a small spaceplane designed to carry seven astronauts into low Earth orbit. Participant in the final round (Commercial Crew Transportation Capability) of a competition organized by NASA for the right to transport American astronauts to the ISS. The device will be launched into space using an Atlas-5 launch vehicle, and land independently like an airplane. Company officials say the spaceplane should be ready by 2016. The first manned flight will take place in 2017.
The second participant in the competition, aerospace giant Boeing, is developing a reusable (up to 10 flights) spacecraft for delivering cargo and up to seven astronauts to the ISS called CST-100. The device uses proven technologies from Apollo and NASA's space shuttle. The CST-100 is expected to serve as a lifeboat on the ISS in emergency situations. Commissioning of CST-100 is planned for 2016.
Cygnus is an automated cargo supply spacecraft. Developed by Orbital Sciences Corporation as part of the Commercial Orbital Transportation program. Designed to deliver cargo to the International Space Station after the completion of the Space Shuttle program. The launch is carried out using Orbital's own launch vehicle - Antares, formerly called Taurus II. NASA has awarded Orbital Science a contract worth $1.9 billion for 8 Cygnus flights to the ISS until 2016.
California-based SpaceX is developing a reusable Dragon V2 spacecraft to transport cargo and crew to low-Earth orbit and beyond. The third participant in the NASA competition. The manned version will carry up to seven astronauts to the ISS or to deep space, such as Mars. The company has already launched several unmanned Dragons to the ISS. The flights were a demonstration of SpaceX's readiness to use its own Falcon 9 launch vehicle to fulfill a contract with NASA for 12 cargo deliveries to the station. Falcon 9 will also become reusable in the future with vertical landing on retractable supports.
Mars One is a private organization whose mission is to establish a colony on Mars. The project itself is not an aerospace company and does not produce equipment. All equipment will be developed primarily by SpaceX. The uniqueness of the project lies in the fundamental impossibility of returning the colonists to Earth and in its financing through TV broadcasts in real time. The colony is expected to be replenished every two years by six people starting in 2025. Confidence in the success of the event is added to by rumors that the founder of Mars One, Dutch entrepreneur Bas Lansdorp, is himself going to move to Mars.
people going into space and colonizing other planets - all this is space exploration.
Through the efforts of brave people, brilliant engineers and scientists, as well as space agencies around the world and private leading corporations, humanity will very soon begin to explore space by leaps and bounds. Our only chance to survive as a species is colonization, and the sooner we realize this (and hope it's not too late), the better it will be.
Bolivian Space Agency (BSA) The Bolivian Space Agency is an organization tasked with the development of high technology, human resources, preparation and application of satellite communications programs in the fields of education, defense, medicine and meteorology in Bolivia. According to state standard
The Bolivian space agency will be "a decentralized public institution with its own legal and administrative autonomy." On February 10, 2010, Bolivian President Evo Morales signed Order No. 423 establishing the Bolivian Space Agency. The agency will be formed from representatives of six ministries, who will be appointed by the president of the country. The highest authority in the BKA will be the General Director. The government will initially invest one million US dollars in the new agency; in the future, the agency will be financed by the state, donations and foreign loans. The total amount of investment in the first space program
estimated at US$300 million.
The Brazilian Space Agency is a government civil organization in Brazil responsible for the growth and development of the country's space program. It operates the Alcántara spaceport and the Barreira do Inferno rocket launch complex. The agency was founded on February 10, 1994.
The agency allows Brazil to play a leading role in space among Latin American countries and makes Brazil a valuable and reliable partner for cooperation on the International Space Station.
The Brazilian Space Agency pursues a policy of technological space international cooperation with the development of its own space program. At the beginning, it was heavily dependent on the United States and ESA, but after a number of difficulties caused by the difficulty of transferring Western technologies, Brazil began to work with other countries, in particular with China, Ukraine, Russia, and Israel.
The Brazilian Space Agency is the heir to a significant national space program that was controlled by the Brazilian military and transferred to civilian control in 1994.
UK Space Agency (UKSA)
The UK Space Agency is the UK government space service, founded on April 1, 2010 in Swindon. It was first unveiled at the Queen Elizabeth II Conference Center on March 23, 2010 by politicians Peter Mandelson, Paul Drayson and British-born astronaut Timothy Peake.
At the time of its creation, the UK space industry was valued at £7 billion and provided 60,000 jobs. UKSA's 20-year plan includes increasing output to £40 billion and 100,000 jobs, as well as increasing its share of global industry from 6 to 10%.
UKSA took over all responsibilities, staff and assets of the British National Space Center (est. 1985).
Canadian Space Agency (CSA)
The Canadian Space Agency is the Canadian government space agency responsible for the Canadian space program. The agency was founded in March 1989 by the corresponding act on the Canadian Space Agency Act and approved in December 1990. The head of the enterprise is the president, who reports directly to the Minister of Industry. Since September 2, 2008, the CCA has been headed by Stephen McLane.
The head office of the CSA is located at the John Chapman Space Center located in the town of Saint-Hubert (Quebec). The agency also has an office in Ottawa at the David Florida Laboratory, and there are also several communications departments in Washington, Paris, Cape Canaveral and Houston.
The space agency's astronaut corps consists of 8 people.
Kazakhstan Republics Ulttyk garysh agents
The National Space Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan is an executive body of the Republic of Kazakhstan, part of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, performing the functions of providing public services, managing state property and law enforcement functions in the field of research, use outer space for peaceful purposes, international cooperation in the implementation of joint projects and programs in the field of space activities.
On March 27, 2007, President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev signed Decree No. 502 “On the formation of the National Space Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan.” In accordance with the Decree, the Aerospace Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan was abolished and the National Space Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan was formed as an independent unit in the government structure.
Lieutenant General Talgat Amangeldievich Musabaev was appointed chairman of the agency.
On August 6, 2014, during the reorganization of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the functions of the ministry were transferred to the new Ministry of Investment and Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan
國家航天局
China National Space Administration is the national space agency of China people's republic, responsible for the national space program.
The agency was founded in 1993 when the Ministry of Aerospace Industry was split into CNSA and China Space Corporation (CASC). The former institution was responsible for policy, while the new one was responsible for implementation. This division of responsibilities proved somewhat unsatisfactory, since both agencies were, in effect, one large agency, sharing both personnel and management.
During a complete reconstruction in 1998, CASC was fragmented into many small state-owned companies. This created a system very similar to that used by the Western defense industry, where facilities that are government agencies establish their operating principles, then are contracted to meet operational requirements, with the facilities being owned by the government but not operated by the government. .
Milli Aerokosmik Agentliyi
National Aerospace Agency of Azerbaijan, NAKA - government agency, responsible for the space and aviation program of Azerbaijan. The agency was founded in 1974 as the Caspian Scientific Center as part of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)
The Government Research and Applied Research Association is an Australian government agency. Founded in 1926 under the name Advisory Council of Science and Industry. Subordinate to the Australian Department of Science. The organization's headquarters are located in Canberra.
The organization's staff consists of about 6,600 people. CSIRO maintains more than 50 centers throughout Australia, as well as biological control research stations in France and Mexico.
CSIRO is famous for inventing the atomic absorption spectrometer, developing the first polymer bank note, and researching biological control methods such as creating epidemics of myxomatosis or other viruses to control rabbit populations.
Among the achievements in information technology can be called the Funnelback search engine and the Annodex data format
In October 2005, the journal Nature announced that CSIRO scientists had developed a near-perfect rubber from resilin, an elastic protein that is responsible for the jumping ability of fleas and helps insects fly. On August 19, 2005, CSIRO and the University of Dallas (USA) announced that they were able to produce transparent sheets of carbon nanotubes, which would enable the mass production of carbon nanotube products.
Česká kosmická kancelář
The Czech Space Office is a Czech government organization dedicated to supporting and promoting Czech space programs. It was founded in November 2003.
The main tasks of the Czech Space Office include establishing contacts between Czech companies and projects in the field of astronautics, cooperation with the European Space Agency and the International Astronautical Federation. The Office maintains an information and referral center.
The headquarters is located in Prague, the director is Jan Kolář.
European Space Agency (ESA)
The European Space Agency is an international organization created in 1975 for the purpose of space exploration.
ESA has 21 permanent members, with Canada also participating in some projects.
The Agency's headquarters is located in Paris. The European Space Research and Technology Center is located in Noordwijk (Netherlands). The European Space Control Center is located in Darmstadt (Germany). The European Astronaut Center is located in another German city, Cologne. The Earth Observation Center and Information Center of the European Space Agency are located in Frascati near Rome (Italy). The Kourou spaceport in French Guiana is used for launches of spacecraft being created. ESA has contact offices in Belgium, the USA and Russia and ground tracking stations around the world.
The agency constantly employs 1,907 people (2005), and its budget is more than 4 billion euros (2012).
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft - und Raumfahrt e.V.
The German Aviation and Space Center is Germany's national center for aerospace, energy and transport research. Founded in 1907. Branches and research centers The organizations are located in several locations throughout Germany, with headquarters in Cologne. The organization is responsible for the planning and implementation of the German space program on behalf of the German federal government. The center is involved in a wide range of research projects, both national and international.
Currently, the German Aerospace Center employs approximately 7,400 people. The organization owns 32 institutes, facilities located in more than 14 cities in Germany, as well as offices in Brussels, Paris and Washington. The organization's 2010 budget was approximately 670 million euros to cover its own research and development as well as operational tasks. One third of this amount comes to the company from so-called third parties (German: Drittmittel). In addition to this, the German Aerospace Center manages approximately €500 million in German funds from the European Space Agency and also receives over €650 million for research on behalf of the German Federal Ministry. The organization is a full member of the Space Data Systems Advisory Committee and a member of the Helmholtz Association.
भारतीय अन्तरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन
The Indian Space Research Organization is the Indian national space agency under the Indian Department of Space Research. The organization is headquartered in Bangalore, employs approximately 20,000 people, and has an annual budget of approximately 41 billion rupees ($940 million). Since October 2009, the organization has been headed by K. Radhakrishnan.
India has a developed space program and, collectively, is currently the sixth largest space power in terms of potential (after Russia, the USA, China, Europe and Japan).
With the launch of its own satellite using its own launch vehicle in 1979, India chronologically became the seventh space power. In 1980, ISRO has two launch vehicles: PSLV and GSLV. Previously, two less powerful launch vehicles were used: SLV and ASLV.
India is one of the very few space powers that independently launches communications satellites into geostationary orbit (the first GSAT-2 - 2003), space return vehicles (SRE - 2007) and automatic interplanetary stations to the Moon and Mars (Chandrayaan-1 - 2008, Mangalyaan - 2014) and provides international launch services.
The first Indian cosmonaut flew on a Soviet spacecraft in 1984. India has its own manned space program and is expected to launch manned space missions in 2016. space flights on our own and will become the fourth space superpower.
India launched the Mangalyaan spacecraft in November 2013, which entered Martian orbit in September 2014. In the new financial year that began on April 1, 2012, the budget of the Indian Department of Space Research was increased by more than 50% compared to the 2011 financial year.
In the future, ISRO plans to launch its own manned spacecraft. It is also planned to create a new generation Indian reusable transport space system (the Avatar project), and in the distant future (after 2025-2030) - manned flights to the Moon in cooperation with other countries or even independently.
Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)
The National Institute of Aerospace Technology is Spain's space agency, headquartered in Torrejon de Ardoz near Madrid. Founded in 1942.
The organization's budget exceeds 100 million € and is provided by funds from the Spanish Ministry of Defense, as well as from profits from its own projects. As of 2008, the institute employs 1,200 employees, 80% of whom are engaged in research and development (creation of new materials and equipment, certification).
The agency launched the first INTASAT satellite on November 15, 1974, aboard a Delta rocket. The next satellite, MiniSat-01, with a total weight of 190 kg, was delivered into orbit by the Pegasus rocket in March 2002.
During the implementation of the Spanish program to launch micro- and nanosatellites, there was a gap of 23 years. In 1997, work on the creation of low-budget spacecraft was restored. Finally, in December 2004 [source not specified 2036 days], the European Ariane 5 launch vehicle delivered NanoSat-01 into orbit. In the future, it is planned to launch another satellite, SeoSat (Spanish Earth Observation Satellite).
All of these satellites are designed and manufactured entirely in Spain. They are based on a low-cost, feature-rich platform with a standard interface and payload module.
Today INTA controls the Madrid Space Communications Complex and the El Arenosillo launch site in the south of the country. It is from here that meteorological rockets such as INTA-255 and INTA-300, which are produced by the institute, are launched into space.
On February 13, 2012, the technological satellite Xatcobeo, developed at the university, is scheduled to be launched.
سازمان فضايی ايران
The Iranian Space Agency is Iran's government organization for space exploration.
In April 2003, the Iranian Space Agency (ISA) was created. A five-year plan for the development of the space industry is being adopted, including the launch of at least five communications and remote sensing satellites, as well as several research microsatellites. ICA is appointed as the main coordinating body, which previously was actually the Iranian Remote Sensing Center. On January 9, 2015, Iran's space program was finally closed.
סוכנות החלל הישראלית
The Israel Space Agency is an Israeli government agency that coordinates scientific and commercial space exploration programs. Founded in 1983. The head is retired Major General, Professor Yitzhak Ben-Israel.
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI)
Italian Space Agency - founded in 1988 with the aim of developing, coordinating and implementing Italian space projects. Established under the Ministry of Universities and Scientific and Technical Research of Italy and represents the interests of the country in the European Space Agency (ESA).
The agency's headquarters are located in Rome. There are also two operational centers in Matera and Trapani. The agency's structure includes the San Marco spaceport, located in the territorial waters of Kenya, which is currently not in operation. ASI's annual budget is approximately €1 billion.
Italian Space Agency and its main subcontractor, Italian company"Alenia Aeronautica" (formerly "Alenia Spazio", "Alenia Space"), created or participated in the creation of a number of satellites, interplanetary stations, a light launch vehicle Vega and have unique experience in Europe in manufacturing pressurized space modules: the Shuttle station-laboratory Spacelab, the International Space Station (ISS) modules Columbus, Harmony, Tranquility, Dome and the ISS Pressurized Multi-Purpose Supply Modules (MPLM) Leonardo launched on the Shuttle (then the Pressurized Multi-Purpose Module ( PMM)), "Raphael" and "Donatello".
宇宙航空研究開発機構
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency is the government agency responsible for Japan's space and aviation program. The agency was formed on October 1, 2003 after the merger of three previously independent organizations. JAXA now has the ability to launch artificial satellites Earth, automatic interplanetary stations, participates in the International Space Station program, plans to create manned space flights and explore the Moon.
On October 1, 2003, three organizations: the Japanese Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science (ISAS), the National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan (NAL), and the Japanese National Space Development Agency. NASDA), merged into a single structure called JAXA.
Prior to the merger, these organizations developed various sectors of Japanese astronautics: ISAS focused on space environment and planetary research, NAL on aeronautical research. The National Space Exploration Agency was formed on October 1, 1969 and was involved in the development of launch vehicles, satellites, and the construction of the Japanese experimental module "Kibo" for the International Space Station. NASDA's headquarters were located in what is now the Tanegashima Space Center on Tanegashima Island, 115 kilometers south of Kyushu.
한국항공우주연구원
Korea Aerospace Development Institute is the space and aeronautics agency of the Republic of Korea. Founded in 1989. Is the main institute South Korea in the field of space exploration. Its main laboratories are located in Daejeon. The most significant result should be considered the development of the Arirang-1 satellite. The main goal at the current stage is to develop and improve the KSLV launch vehicle. When the Republic of Korea joined the IAE in 1992, the agency became involved in aerospace technology.
Plays an important role in the industry. The institute is the property of the state, and its special status is associated with this. The institute is part of the Aeronautics and Space Agency of the Republic of Korea. The Institute was founded in 1989, and since 1999 it has been collaborating in space research with the Korea Aerospace Corporation (KAI), which is engaged in civil and military aircraft construction, development and creation of satellites. Initially, developments in the space sector were a response to similar ones in the DPRK and took place under technical support USA. In 2004, a cooperation agreement was also signed with the Russian side. Research laboratories are located in the city of Daejeon, namely in the specialized scientific town of Daedok. The main customer of the projects is the state. One of the projects is the development of means of delivering satellites into low-Earth orbit - launch vehicles. The institute serves South Korea's first spaceport. Recent projects include the project to create the Arirang-1 satellite, as well as the development of the KSLV-1 launch vehicle.
Agensi Angkasa Negara
National Space Agency of Malaysia - founded in 2002 and aims to improve the country's technological capabilities in the field of space. The agency is headed by Dr. Mustafa Din Subari, who succeeded Dr. Mazlan Binti Othman in 2007.
The agency's infrastructure includes several ground stations for communication with satellites and the main Space Center, where the operations center for monitoring the activities of space missions and an optical calibration center are located. An assembly, integration and testing centers are also being built at the Space Center. To carry out future launches of its own launch vehicles and provide launch services to foreign partners, Malaysia plans to build a near-equatorial spaceport in the sparsely populated states of Sabah or Sarawak, located on the island of Borneo.
Agencia Espacial Mexicana (AEXA)
The Mexican Space Agency is a space agency created on April 20, 2010, after approval by the Chamber of Deputies.
The main initiator of the project was Fernando de la Peña, and Mexican-American astronaut Jose Hernandez. The purpose of creating AEXA is to promote the development space technology, improving the competitiveness of Mexican companies and a summary of the studies carried out in the former National Commission for Outer Space Affairs (National Commission del Espacio Exterior, CONEE), which existed between 1962 and 1977.
Although the study of astronomy in the region dates back to prehistoric times, and there was a “boom” during the colonial period, the progenitor of the agency is considered the National Commission for the Exploration of Outer Space (CONEE). Her office at the Secretariat of Communications and Transport conducted experiments in the fields of rocketry, telecommunications and atmospheric research from 1962 to 1976. After its dissolution, some activities were financed by the now extinct Mexican Institute of Communications (currently transformed into the Federal Telecommunications Commission), as well as by some higher education institutions, such as the National Autonomous University of Mexico, the National Polytechnical Institute, National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics, Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada and CINVESTAV.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an agency of the US federal government that reports directly to the Vice President of the United States. Responsible for the country's civil space program, as well as for aerospace exploration.
Images and videos obtained by NASA and its affiliates, including from numerous telescopes and interferometers, are published in the public domain and may be freely copied.
Center National d'Études Spatiales (CNES)
The National Center for Space Research is the French space agency. Founded under Charles De Gaulle in 1961. The headquarters is located in Paris. In the past, CNES was also responsible for training French astronauts, but these responsibilities were taken over by ESA in 2001.
CNES also uses Kourou in French Guiana as its main spaceport, which was built in 1969.
Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional (LAPAN)
The National Institute of Aeronautics and Space is the Indonesian space agency. LAPAN is responsible for Indonesia's long-term civil and military aerospace research.
LAPAN was founded on November 27, 1963 by former Indonesian President Sukarno after existing for about one year as an informal organization.
LAPAN oversees the foreign-ordered application (telecommunications) program of the first Indonesian Palapa satellites, which were built by Hughes (now Boeing Satellite Systems) and launched using American and European rockets since 1976. LAPAN has developed the Lapan series of microsatellites for launch since 2007 also on foreign media.
For more than two decades, LAPAN has accumulated some experience in the development and testing of high-altitude sounding rockets of the RPS series, and is now working on the creation of small Pengorbitan launch vehicles and the corresponding spaceport infrastructure, which, according to plans, should allow Indonesia to join the space club in 2012-2014.
The planned flight of the first Indonesian astronaut on board the American Space Shuttle in the mid-1980s, accompanying the launch of one of the Palapa satellites, did not take place due to cancellations and reductions in flights and their programs after the Challenger shuttle disaster. In the late 1980s, the USSR made an offer to Indonesia to fly its astronaut on a commercial basis to the Mir station, but no agreement was reached. In 1997, Indonesia accepted a similar Russian offer to fly to the Mir station, but the mission again did not take place due to the outbreak of the Asian economic crisis. In the 2000s, the Russian and Indonesian sides considered, but also did not realize, the possibility of flying an Indonesian astronaut to the International Space Station.
Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (CONAE)
The National Commission for Space Activities is the civilian Argentine government space agency responsible for the country's space program. It appeared in 1991 as a result of the reorganization of the National Space Research Commission (Spanish: Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Espaciales, CNIE), which had existed in Argentina since 1960.
On October 16, 2014, ARSAT-1 was launched, the first communications satellite in geostationary orbit manufactured in Argentina (using foreign components).
In addition, several more satellites are planned to be launched in the coming years.
In 1998, the agency received an invitation from NASA to join the project to build the International Space Station (ISS). But the government rejected the proposal due to the high costs involved in participating in the project.
The Gradicom I rocket was launched in 2009, and the Gradicom II rocket was launched in 2011.
In 2007 and 2008, tests were carried out on surorbital rockets of the Tronador I series (Russian: Gromoverzhets). In 2011, the T4000, the third stage of the Tronador II rocket under development, failed to launch. In 2013-2014, Vex was launched, which is a prototype of the low-orbit launch vehicle Tronador II, the first launch of which is planned for 2015.
State Space Agency of Ukraine (DSAU)
The State Space Agency of Ukraine (SSAU) is a specially authorized central executive body that ensures the implementation public policy in the field of space activities, manages the sphere of management entrusted to him, and is responsible for the state of its development.
National Space Organization
The National Space Organization (NSPO, formerly known as the National Space Program Administration), founded in 2001, is the civilian space agency of the Republic of China under the auspices of the Yuan National Science Executive Council. NSPO participates in the development of space exploration, satellite communications and its development, as well as related technologies and infrastructure (including the FORMOSAT series of Earth observation satellites), is engaged in research in the fields of aerospace engineering, remote sensing, astrophysics, computer science, space weapons and defense national security Republic of China.
Taiwan's first satellite, ROCSAT-1, was launched on January 27, 1999, as part of the first space program from 1991 to 2006. ROCSAT-2, launched on May 21, 2004, was also launched into orbit.
NSPO headquarters and primary ground control are located in Hsinchu, Taiwan.
Netherlands Institute for Space Research
The Netherlands Institute for Space Research (NIKI), the national agency for space research, is the representative of the Netherlands in the European Space Agency, developing and using satellite equipment for the purposes of astrophysics and earth sciences.
The organization was founded in 1983, and was called Stichting Ruimteonderzoek Nederland (Dutch Organization for Space Research). It was renamed in 2004. Shareholders include NASA and ESA. The institute is located in two buildings: the main one is in the eastern part of the city of Utrecht, the second is in the north of Groningen.
조선우주공간기술위원회
The Korean Space Technology Committee is the government space agency of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
The Committee is believed to have been founded in the 1980s "for the exploration of outer space and its peaceful uses." KKKT is responsible for all activities in the country regarding the production of artificial satellites and other space research.
In March 2009, the DPRK announced its accession to the International Outer Space Treaty of 1966 (since March 6, 2009) and the Convention on the Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space of 1974 (since March 10, 2009).
Under the direction of the Committee, the first three space launches were officially carried out in the DPRK: on August 31, 1998 and April 5, 2009 from the Donghae Cosmodrome (Musudan-ni) and on April 13, 2012 from the Sohae Cosmodrome (Tongchang-ni) attempts were made to launch into orbit, respectively. the experimental satellites Gwangmyongsong-1 and Gwangmyongsong-2 and the application satellite Gwangmyongsong-3. The first two launches were declared by the DPRK to be successfully launched and operating in orbit, but were not confirmed in the world; the third launch, according to observations by the international community and recognition of the DPRK, ended in failure. On December 12, 2012, North Korea successfully launched the Gwangmyongsong-3 satellite, making the country the 10th space power capable of launching satellites on its own launch vehicles, ahead of South Korea.
The Space Technology Committee reported that the DPRK plans to launch several artificial satellites into orbit, “intended to study the Earth’s natural resources, weather forecasting and other purposes important for the economic development of the country,” and in the future even organize manned flights on its own.
State Corporation for Space Activities "Roscosmos"
Russian state corporation created on December 28, 2015 after the abolition of the Federal Space Agency.
In January 2015, a decision was made to transform the agency into a state corporation, with Igor Komarov appointed head. Period legal registration state corporation will take about six months.
The Russian Space Agency (RSA) was established by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 185 of February 25, 1992.
The Russian Aviation and Space Agency (Rosaviakosmos) was formed by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 651 of May 25, 1999 by transformation from the Russian Space Agency (RKA).
The Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) was formed by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 314 of March 9, 2004 by transformation from the Russian Aviation and Space Agency.
The State Corporation for Space Activities Roscosmos was formed by decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated December 28, 2015 through transformation from the Federal Space Agency.
Türkmenistanyň prezidentiň ýanynda Milli kosmos agentligi
The National Space Agency under the President of Turkmenistan is the government agency responsible for the space program of Turkmenistan. The agency was founded in 2011.
In 2011, by decree of the President of Turkmenistan, the National Space Agency under the President of Turkmenistan was established.
The agency is located in the building of the Main Directorate of Civil Defense and Rescue Works of the Ministry of Defense of Turkmenistan. In the future, a special administrative building will be built for it.
Today, the agency is located in the building of the former Ministry of Finance of Turkmenistan.
মহাকাশ গবেষণা ও দূর অনুধাবন কেন্দ্র
The Space Exploration and Remote Sensing Organization is Bangladesh's national space exploration agency.
It was established in 1980 as an autonomous research organization under the Government of Bangladesh, becoming the nation's premier institute for peaceful space exploration, Earth remote sensing and geographic information systems. It works in close cooperation with the American NASA, Japanese JAXA, French CNES and Chinese CNSA.
In 2008, the Bangladesh Telecommunications Company and the Better Business Forum suggested that Bangladesh should immediately take steps to launch the satellite as it is very important for the development of the country's telecommunications sector. In April 2009, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina announced her government's intention to launch Bangladesh's first satellite into orbit in 2013. In November 2009, the Government of Bangladesh officially announced that, in accordance with the concept of "Digital Bangladesh", it plans to launch a telecommunications satellite into orbit in 2011 with the help of other countries. The government also emphasized that the country intends to use space for peaceful purposes.
In March 2010, during the China-Bangladesh Summit, the Chinese side expressed interest in providing Bangladesh with all necessary help to launch a satellite into orbit.
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A Taigi.info correspondent visited InSpaceForum 2018, where representatives of both sides discussed the possibilities of interaction between private and public space exploration.
What is missing from private astronautics?
Four years ago, Pavel Pushkin founded the company of tourist flights into space, Cosmocourse. "We went to new market- space tourism, where there are no many technologies, and we need to do everything ourselves,” explains Pushkin. - And our company has problems interacting with the state. We need work regulations, normal certification, access to regulatory documentation. Now everything is simple: if there is a government order, then there are regulations. But we have no government orders, no regulations. Neither Roscosmos, nor Rostechnadzor, with whom we resolve industrial safety issues, nor the FSB, from which we need a license to export missile technologies. So we find ourselves at a dead end.”
Founder of the private space company Galaktika. Space Aliya Prokofieva also lacks a lot. For example, financial support, although all space “private traders” would probably like to receive it. “We live in a country where money counts a lot,” says Prokofieva. “People here want to start earning money or returning investments immediately, not in a couple of years.” But if we talk about long-term projects, for example, about the extraction of minerals in orbit, then we need to consider the possibilities of application and calculate the options for making money on it.
Why do we fly into space?
What should a public-private partnership be like?
The interaction of private space and the state is a natural approach in most economies of the world, says Dmitry Payson, director of the Roscosmos Research and Analytical Center.
“Many countries have the same scheme: the state orders technical solutions for its tasks from commercial companies, but in Russia Roscosmos combines the functions of both the manufacturer and the government body that regulates space activities, explains Payson. - With the advent of commercial companies, this gradually began to change. Previously, the state played main role in goal setting - she formulated the framework, drew up technical specifications, and then invited performers. And now private traders are the initiating party, coming up with projects that can be sold to both the state and the commercial sector. Private enterprises are taking on more activity and responsibilities; the range of projects is becoming slightly different.”
The head of the Moscow representative office of SingularityUniversity, Evgeny Kuznetsov, is confident that for a normal public-private partnership it is necessary to fulfill three points. First, learn to agree on goals. Secondly, both public and private companies need to develop in their employees the competencies of negotiators who can understand the other side and can adapt their internal processes in the company for proper interaction. Thirdly, to form a structure of external investors so that they can come from both the government and commercial sides, understanding how it all works.
“There are few investors yet, and we do not understand how much money they are willing to provide,” says Kuznetsov. “But a big plus for investors is that over the past three years it has become at least clear who to talk to and who to go to if you want to invest money in the space industry.”
S7 in space
The S7 company bought a floating cosmodrome in 2016. We can say that this is now the largest and most successful transaction in Russia between a commercial company and a state-owned enterprise. Now private company"S7 Space Transport Systems" is a ship and an offshore platform with launch equipment installed on them. S7 entered into a contract for the production of twelve with the Ukrainian enterprise Yuzhmash. The company plans to begin launches in 2019. The ordered rockets will last until 2023 - 3-4 launches per year are enough for the project to reach self-sufficiency.
At the forum, S7 Space CEO Sergei Sopov said that the company is ready to take over the Russian segment under a concession agreement. “This idea arose from the fact that, on the one hand, there was talk about flooding the ISS after the end of its operational life, and on the other hand, they were thinking about how to use it commercially,” Sopov notes. - Our company’s specialists decided that it was possible to make an orbital cosmodrome. We have transport space systems, we have them, so this is a rather prosaic task. From the orbital cosmodrome it will be possible to send cargo ships to and from using a special tug.”
At every event where representatives of private and public space exploration are present, they talk about public-private partnerships. This is really important in space exploration, because the state cannot solve all problems - it is necessary to give business the opportunity to enter the industry.
The material was being prepared for publication in Novaya Gazeta. The text is presented in the author's edition.
Just recently, new breakthroughs were expected from private space exploration: the resumption of long-distance manned flights, cheaper satellites and rockets, and simplified access to the results of space research. Today there is an understanding: the renaissance in airless space is postponed, if not cancelled.
On May 22, 2012, a Falcon 9 rocket successfully launched from the Canaveral Space Center carrying a Dragon cargo spacecraft to resupply the International Space Station. Thus, a new page in the history of world cosmonautics opened - the arrival of private investors in the " big space" Three months later, the American private company Planetary Resources, which declared its goal to mine asteroids, received several million dollars of investment from a venture fund with Russian participation, I2bf. At the same time, the private rocket plane Space Ship Two made successful test flights, which was to become the basis of a program of tourist flights into near space. In general, it seemed that the space renaissance had finally arrived and that private harvesters were about to set off for asteroids, shuttles would go to the Moon, transplanetary corporations would flourish, and Lieutenant Helen Ripley would take up service on one of the heavy ore carriers...
In the West, where private traders have been working for NASA almost since the agency’s inception, they have come up with their own term for the new wave of companies - New Space. In Russia, where space was traditionally state-owned, it is being successfully replaced by “private astronautics.”
From Russia, the development of New Space is closely monitored. The former head of Roscosmos, Vladimir Popovkin, met with the founder of SpaceX, Elon Musk, and looked for Russian businessmen who were ready to become the Russian equivalent of the American. At the same time, a space cluster was opened at the established Skolkovo Foundation in the hope that “Russian Masks” would pour there from their garages where they were making rockets.
More than three years have passed since then. During this time, four Russian private satellites went into space, but the emergence of a company even closely comparable to SpaceX never materialized.
By the beginning of the 21st century, the situation in Russian and American cosmonautics, despite the significant difference in budgets, was similar in some respects. Both agencies were in a crisis of identity, trying to find their way in the face of a defunct space race. The industry was formed in a similar way - each country had its own pair of competing giants: Boeing and Lockheed Martin in the USA, and State Research and Production Center named after. M.V. Khrunichev and RSC Energia in Russia. NASA was promoting an ambitious and extremely expensive Constellation program - with a flight to Mars and the construction of a base on the Moon. In Russia, heads of state-owned enterprises promised a base on the Moon by 2015, hoping for increased budgetary injections.
As the first decade of the new century passed, the paths of the space agencies began to diverge. In the US, Boeing and Lockheed Martin created a rocket monopoly, United Launch Alliance (ULA), while public funds allocated to space have been steadily declining since 1989. The Constellation program was closed, burying the almost finished Ares rocket and leaving only the project for the new Orion spacecraft. In 2011, the expensive and dangerous, albeit effective, Space Shuttle also had to be abandoned. The International Space Station has been completed, and driving the shuttle into orbit is like using a mining dump truck as a minibus.
In this situation, NASA management decided to raise a new generation of space corporations and offer space at lower prices. The launch of the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) and Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) programs was announced. The first was to cultivate “loader” companies to supply the ISS, and the second, “taxi driver” companies, to deliver crews there.
The finalists began to be reviewed by 2010. Orbital Sciences and SpaceX took over the cargo supply. The first company was not a newcomer, having almost thirty years of history behind it, dozens of light rockets launched into space, and the production of spacecraft. SpaceX, created in 2002, has successfully launched only one light rocket, but, apparently, NASA has already paid attention to the ambitious creator of the company, Elon Musk.
Three companies entered the second round of the competition to deliver crews to the ISS: Boeing, SpaceX and Sierra Nevada. Each of them offered their own solution. The too exotic shuttle from Sierra Nevada was “cut down” at the third stage, and now only two companies are preparing a “space taxi”.
While SpaceX relied on developing its own line of rocket engines, rockets and spacecraft, Orbital outsourced everything. Their Antares rocket was built at the Ukrainian Yuzhmash, Soviet-made NK-33 engines were purchased in Samara and modernized in the USA, and the Cygnus cargo spacecraft was made by the European corporation Thales. Such tactics failed when the fifth Antares exploded on the launch pad in the fall of 2014. The same explosion destroyed the first experimental satellite of the “space miners” Planetary Resources. And just a week later, a Virgin Galactic commercial rocket plane, which was unable to lift a single tourist, collapsed in the air during testing.
Only SpaceX continued to launch Dragon cargo spacecraft and launch commercial and government satellites. Elon Musk actively lobbied for the speedy certification of his rocket for military launches in order to undermine ULA's monopoly here and get to generous military budgets. The company's development was hampered only by failures in Musk's adventurous attempts to create a reusable rocket. The Falcon 9's first stages attempted to land on a floating platform in the Atlantic Ocean, but were twice destroyed upon impact. One day, a storm prevented the platform from leaving the port, and the stage simply sank into the water, although its creators reported that it did so in exactly the planned place.
In the summer of 2015, Falcon 9 suffered another setback - the rocket exploded in the first minute of flight. And suddenly the realization came that private owners are not a panacea, and space is still complex and expensive.
The story is similar with the passion for private nanosatellites. NASA and universities continue to develop this direction, but commercial application will not work out. More than $150 million was invested in the American startup Planet Labs, and they launched more than a hundred nanosatellites to image the earth's surface. Satellites send beautiful pictures that can be admired on the company’s website, but they have never demonstrated commercial viability.
The Russian company Dauria Aerospace also hoped to compete in the microsatellite market. But in 2014, it became clear that we couldn’t count on investments comparable to Planet Labs, so we had to switch to custom-made space technology. In addition, the Sputniks startup and a number of other Skolkovo residents also came. I had to abandon my own projects.
In Russia, as in the USA, the main customer is the state. And here Russian private space was faced with the fact that Roscosmos is not NASA. After the fall of Proton in 2011 and 2012, the Russian space agency engaged in reorganization and reform, in which private space was not considered a partner at all. NASA is relying on the principle of “don’t keep your eggs in one basket” and is investing billions in developing a competitive environment. The Federal Space Agency is moving in the opposite direction - becoming its own private owner and monopolist. Even historically established competing centers are being liquidated: preparations are being made for the creation of engine-building, satellite-building, and rocket-building holdings.
In such an environment, there are not many areas for development left for Russian space private owners. The most obvious is to achieve government orders by hook or by crook. Moreover, it is not necessary to rely on Roscosmos - there are other departments in Russia.
For example, the Ministry of Communications several years ago ordered a satellite from the French. And in April 2015, Roscosmos admitted that with the current amount of funding in the next 10 years, it will not cope with the requirements of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. The military will also probably find something to do in low-Earth orbit.
The Western market is practically closed for Russians - there are plenty of their own startups there. Therefore, only the East with the BRICS countries remains, but the markets there are still just taking a closer look at the possibilities of space business. Although the first sign is already there: “The Chinese investment fund “Cybernote” today
Illustration copyright AP Image caption The successes of the American private company SpaceX are an example for private space companies around the world
“I won’t pronounce this name, it’s too much, in my opinion... My day begins, continues and ends with him,” joked Roscosmos official representative Igor Burenkov, but there was a fair amount of truth in this joke. At the first conference on private space exploration, every speaker mentioned the head of SpaceX, Elon Musk.
At some point, a critical mass of mentions of this name exceeded a threshold, and it became a household word: one of the participants, discussing the problems of the industry, used it as a unit of efficiency for a private entrepreneur in space.
The famous head of Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX), Elon Musk, is considered an example of private astronautics throughout the world.
The day after the conference began, the launch of a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket with a payload was scheduled.
And although there were too many doubts about the success of this test, and this project had several accidents in the past, all those present recognized that in the United States private astronautics is developing much faster.
There are private space companies in Russia, but when I asked a representative of one of them whether it was easy for them to develop, he eloquently shook his head: “Almost impossible.”
It’s unlikely that anyone would argue with this at the InSpace Forum 2016 conference either, otherwise there would be no need to assemble it.
The Russian state cosmonautics is currently undergoing a large-scale and very difficult reform.
Firstly, an economic and financial crisis began in Russia, which has already affected the financing of Roscosmos.
Secondly, the cumbersome organization of the industry went to to the Russian state inherited from the Soviet Union. It is poorly adapted to the modern world, primarily to market conditions.
These circumstances determine the problems facing private astronautics in Russia.
Advantages and disadvantages
Russia's lag behind the West in this area was illustrated by the very first panel discussion, which resulted in a discussion of the basics: what private astronautics essentially is, what tasks it sets for itself, and what place it can occupy in the state space industry.
For representatives of the space business themselves, defining this phenomenon does not cause any difficulties. According to the head of the Dauria Aerospace company, Sergei Ivanov, the main difference between private astronautics and state ones is the desire for commercial success.
"When talking about space, we always remember romance, politics, pride in the state, things much higher than just money. And for me, private space is about money. About earning money, creating added value, return on invested capital, creating products that find their customers, about market relations,” he said.
This characteristic of private space companies determines their strength, weakness and their relationship with the state.
The main advantage of commercial space exploration is the ability to quickly respond to market changes, new goals and technologies. A commercial company in the space industry is more free to set tasks and find ways to achieve them - the company depends on the investor.
The weaknesses of a company of this type appear for exactly the same reasons - investments in space project can pay off over many years, and no one can provide a guarantee of success. Elon Musk's success largely depended on his personal determination and belief in success.
In Russia, as Igor Burenkov stated at the conference, such investors do not exist.
“We can talk as much as we want about various great foreign entrepreneurs, but they risk the greatest amount of money. And I don’t see anyone willing to risk that kind of money. They come to us with small machines. Nobody brings us billions,” he said.
"Space Bible"
According to a representative of Roscosmos, the agency is now more than open to cooperation, but “space businessmen” have many complaints against the state.
First of all, this concerns regulatory documents, such as the “Regulations on the procedure for the creation, production and operation (use) of rocket and space systems - Regulations RK-11 and the “Regulations on licensing of space activities”.
Any spacecraft or rocket must meet the strict requirements set out in them.
As the head of the Space Policy Institute, Ivan Moiseev, told the BBC, the requirements laid down in RK-11 are designed for large spacecraft. Manufacturers of small vehicles and rockets find it difficult to comply with regulations that are not designed for them.
“Firstly, it’s even difficult for them to get this RK. Although there is nothing secret there, out of habit we put a stamp “secret” so that nothing happens. We need to turn this situation inside out, because excessive secrecy is harmful economic development", - he said.
Representatives of private cosmonautics propose to rewrite the provisions of RK-11, which has already been dubbed the “space bible,” but Roscosmos answers that the agency that is engaged in fundamental reform is not able to simultaneously change the fundamental documents.
“The patient is in intensive care, he has come out of a coma, he is breathing with the help of an artificial respiration device, and then a young man appears who says: “Come on, here’s a jump rope for you and jump!” said Igor Burenkov.
Market
As Pavel Pushkin, head of the Cosmocourse company, told the BBC, the market in this area is very small.
“This share is 8-10% both here and in the United States. This share is very small, and all these small companies are starting to fight for this share,” he said.
There are several commercial satellite companies operating in Russia, including Gazprom Space Systems, Sputniks and Dauria Aerospace.
According to Pushkin, the companies are fighting for the commercial market, but at the same time they would be glad to receive government contracts.
This is normal practice for all countries, including the USA, where the most large corporations they try to rely on government orders and receive government support.
However, the shape of such cooperation continues to evolve. There was a lot of talk at the conference about what it should be like.
In particular, it was said that low orbit could be given to private space, leaving long-distance flights to large government agencies.
"Cosmocourse" by Pavel Pushkin, according to him, is trying to occupy quite a narrow niche on the space market. The company is developing a reusable spacecraft for tourist suborbital flights (entry into low orbit without orbiting the Earth).
Will Russia have its own SpaceX?
The Kosmokurs company has already managed to agree on the terms of reference for the creation of the spacecraft with Roscosmos, but they are not yet thinking about developing it further.
“The lack of experience is a hindrance,” its head admitted in an interview with the BBC.
This problem is perhaps the most serious in Russian private space exploration. It will take many years for a company like Elon Musk’s SpaceX to appear in Russia. SpaceX itself was founded in 2002.
Illustration copyright RIA NovostiIn addition to all organizational and financial problems There is also a rather low activity of enthusiastic businessmen themselves.
President of the Moscow Space Club, full member of the Russian Academy of Cosmonautics Sergei Zhukov said that the ratio of Russian and US startups in the space field is approximately one to five hundred.
“And investment... Our oligarchs are buying Chelsea, but can you blame them? The environment is almost impossible for creating innovation,” he said.
Representative of the Roscosmos state corporation Igor Burenkov did not argue with this. According to him, the state of the private space industry reflects the general situation with business in the country.
“In our country, business is just beginning to develop, it is going through the stage of capital accumulation, no one has canceled the economic stages of development. There is nothing wrong with this, it’s just time. If someone has been doing such things for 20 years, and someone has been doing this for three hundred... But priority for the development of private initiative will still go to those who have been doing this for longer,” he said, adding: “Open trees will not produce oranges.”