Brief biography of Sigmund Freud. What is the essence of the concept. Interesting facts from the life of a neurologist

Brief biography of Sigmund Freud.  What is the essence of the concept.  Interesting facts from the life of a neurologist
Brief biography of Sigmund Freud. What is the essence of the concept. Interesting facts from the life of a neurologist
On December 18, 1815, in Tysmenitsa in Eastern Galicia (now Ivano-Frankivsk region, Ukraine), the father of Sigmund Freud, Kalman Jacob, was born Freud(1815-1896). From his first marriage to Sally Kanner, he left two sons - Emmanuel (1832-1914) and Philip (1836-1911).

1840 - Jacob Freud moved to Freiberg.

1835, August 18 - in the city of Brody in North-Eastern Galicia (now Lviv region, Ukraine), the mother of Sigmund Freud, Amalia Malka Natanson (1835-1930), was born. She spent part of her childhood in Odessa, where her two brothers settled, then her parents moved to Vienna.

1855, July 29 - Freud's parents, Jakob Freud and Amalia Natanson, were married in Vienna. This is the third marriage of Jacob, there is almost no information about his second marriage to Rebecca.

1855 - John (Johan) was born Freud- the son of Emmanuel and Maria Freud, the nephew of Z. Freud, with whom he was inseparable for the first 3 years of his life.

1856 - Paulina Freud was born - daughter of Emmanuel and Maria Freud, niece of Z. Freud.

Sigismund ( Sigmund) Shlomo Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in the Moravian town of Freiberg in Austria-Hungary (now it is the city of Przybor, and it is located in the Czech Republic) in a traditional Jewish family of 40-year-old father Jakub Freud and his 20-year-old wife Amalia Natanson. He was the firstborn of a young mother.

1958 - the first of Freud's sisters, Anna, was born. 1859 - Bertha is born Freud- second daughter of Emmanuel and Mary Freud, niece of Z. Freud.

In 1859 the family moved to Leipzig and then to Vienna. In the gymnasium, he showed linguistic abilities and graduated with honors (the first student).

1860 - Rose (Regina Deborah), Freud's second and most beloved sister, is born.

1861 Martha Bernays was born in Wandsbek near Hamburg. future wife Z. Freud. In the same year, the third sister of Z. Freud, Maria (Mitzi), was born.

1862 - Dolfi (Esther Adolfina), the fourth sister of Z. Freud, was born.

1864 - Paula (Paulina Regina), the fifth sister of Z. Freud, was born.

1865 - Sigmund begins his undergraduate studies (a year earlier than usual, Z. Freud enters the Leopoldstadt communal gymnasium, where he was the first student in the class for 7 years).

1866 - born Alexander (Gothold Ephraim), brother of Sigmund, last child in the family of Jacob and Amalia Freud.

1872 - during summer holidays in his hometown of Freiberg, Freud experiences his first love, the chosen one is Gisela Fluss.

1873 - Z. Freud enters the University of Vienna at the Faculty of Medicine.

1876 ​​- Z. Freud meets Joseph Breuer and Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow, who later became his best friends.

1878 - changed the name Sigismund to Sigmund.

1881 - Freud graduated from the University of Vienna and received degree doctor of medicine. The need to earn money did not allow him to stay at the department and he first entered the Physiological Institute, and then to the Vienna Hospital, where he worked as a doctor in the surgical department, moving from one department to another.

In 1885 he received the title of Privatdozent, and he was given a scholarship for a scientific internship abroad, after which he went to Paris to the Salpêtrière clinic to the famous psychiatrist J.M. Charcot, who used hypnosis to treat mental illness. The practice at Charcot's clinic made a great impression on Freud. before his eyes there was a healing of patients with hysteria, who suffered mainly from paralysis.

On his return from Paris, Freud opens private practice in Vienna. He immediately decides to try hypnosis on his patients. The first success was inspiring. In the first few weeks, he achieved instant healing of several patients. A rumor spread throughout Vienna that Dr. Freud was a miracle worker. But soon there were setbacks. He became disillusioned with hypnotic therapy, as he had been with drug and physical therapy.

In 1886, Freud marries Martha Bernays. Subsequently, they have six children - Matilda (1887-1978), Jean Martin (1889-1967, named after Charcot), Oliver (1891-1969), Ernst (1892-1970), Sofia (1893-1920) and Anna ( 1895-1982). It was Anna who became a follower of her father, founded child psychoanalysis, systematized and developed psychoanalytic theory, made a significant contribution to the theory and practice of psychoanalysis in her writings.

In 1891, Freud moved to the house at Vienna IX, Berggasse 19, where he lived with his family and received patients until forced emigration in June 1937. The beginning of developments by Freud together with J. Breuer belongs to the same year. special method hypnotherapy - the so-called cathartic (from the Greek katharsis - cleansing). Together they continue the study of hysteria and its treatment by means of the cathartic method.

In 1895, they published the book "Studies in Hysteria", which for the first time speaks of the relationship between the emergence of neurosis and unsatisfied drives and emotions repressed from consciousness. Freud also occupies another state of the human psyche, similar to hypnotic - a dream. In the same year, he discovers the basic formula for the secret of dreams: each of them is the fulfillment of a wish. This thought struck him so much that he even jokingly offered to nail a commemorative plaque in the place where it happened. Five years later he expounded these ideas in his book The Interpretation of Dreams, which he always considered his own. best work. Developing his ideas, Freud concludes that main force, directing all actions, thoughts and desires of a person - this is the energy of libido, that is, the power sexual attraction. The human unconscious is filled with this energy, and therefore it is in constant confrontation with consciousness - the embodiment moral standards and moral principles. Thus he comes to describe the hierarchical structure of the psyche, consisting of three "levels": consciousness, preconscious and unconscious.

In 1895, Freud finally abandoned hypnosis and began to practice the method of free association - the treatment of conversation, later called "psychoanalysis". He first used the concept of "psychoanalysis" in an article on the etiology of neuroses, published in French on March 30, 1896.

Between 1885 and 1899, Freud engaged in intensive practice, in-depth self-analysis and worked on his most significant book, The Interpretation of Dreams.
After the publication of the book, Freud develops and improves his theory. Despite the negative reaction of the intellectual elite, Freud's extraordinary ideas are gradually gaining acceptance among the young doctors of Vienna. The turn to real fame and big money took place on March 5, 1902, when Emperor François-Joseph I signed an official decree conferring the title of assistant professor to Sigmund Freud. In the same year, students and like-minded people gather around Freud, a psychoanalytic circle "on Wednesdays" is formed. Freud writes The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1904), Wit and its Relation to the Unconscious (1905). On Freud's 50th birthday, his students present him with a medal made by K. M. Schwerdner. The reverse side of the medal depicts Oedipus and the Sphinx.

In 1907, he established contact with the school of psychiatrists from Zurich, and the young Swiss doctor K.G. became his student. Jung. Freud pinned great hopes on this man - he considered him the best successor to his offspring, capable of leading the psychoanalytic community. 1907, according to Freud himself, is a turning point in the history of the psychoanalytic movement - he receives a letter from E. Bleuler, who was the first in scientific circles to express official recognition of Freud's theory. In March 1908, Freud became an honorary citizen of Vienna. By 1908 Freud had followers all over the world, the Wednesday Psychological Society, which met with Freud, was transformed into the Vienna psychoanalytic society", and on April 26, 1908, the first International Psychoanalytic Congress was held at the Bristol Hotel in Salzburg, in which 42 psychologists took part, half of whom were practicing analysts.


Freud continues to work actively, psychoanalysis is widely known throughout Europe, in the USA, in Russia. In 1909 he lectured in the USA, in 1910 the Second international congress on psychoanalysis, then the congresses become regular. In 1912, Freud founded the periodical " International magazine on medical psychoanalysis". In 1915-1917, he lectures on psychoanalysis in his homeland, at the University of Vienna, and prepares them for publication. His new works are published, where he continues his research into the secrets of the unconscious. Now his ideas go beyond only medicine and psychology, but also the laws of development of culture and society.Many young doctors come to study psychoanalysis directly to its founder.


In January 1920, Freud was awarded the title of ordinary university professor. An indicator of true glory was the honoring in 1922 by the University of London of the five great geniuses of mankind - Philo, Memonides, Spinoza, Freud and Einstein. The Viennese house at Berggasse 19 was filled with celebrities, Freud's receptions were booked from different countries, and it was already painted, it seems, for many years to come. He is invited to lecture in the USA.


In 1923, fate puts Freud to severe trials: he develops jaw cancer, caused by addiction to cigars. Operations on this occasion were constantly carried out and tormented him until the end of his life. Out of print comes "I and It" - one of the most important works of Freud. . The disturbing socio-political situation gives rise to riots and unrest. Freud, remaining true to the natural-science tradition, increasingly turns to the topics of the psychology of the masses, the psychological structure of religious and ideological dogmas. Continuing to explore the abyss of the unconscious, he now comes to the conclusion that two are equally strong start govern a person: this is the desire for life (Eros) and the desire for death (Thanatos). The instinct of destruction, the forces of aggression and violence, manifest themselves too clearly around us not to notice them. In 1926, on the occasion of his 70th birthday, Sigmund Freud receives congratulations from all over the world. Among the congratulators are Georg Brandes, Albert Einstein, Romain Rolland, mayor of Vienna, but academic Vienna ignored the anniversary.


On September 12, 1930, Freud's mother died at the age of 95. Freud in a letter to Ferenczi wrote: "I did not have the right to die while she was alive, now I have this right. One way or another, the values ​​of life have changed significantly in the depths of my consciousness." On October 25, 1931, a memorial plaque was installed on the house where Sigmund Freud was born. On this occasion, the streets of the city are decorated with flags. Freud writes a letter of thanks to the mayor of Příbor, in which he remarks:
"Deep in me still lives a happy child from Freiburg, the first-born of a young mother, who received his indelible impressions of the land and air of those places."

In 1932, Freud completed work on the manuscript "Continuation of lectures on introduction to psychoanalysis". In 1933, fascism came to power in Germany and Freud's books, along with many others that were not pleasing to the new authorities, were set on fire. To this, Freud remarks: "What progress we have made! In the Middle Ages they would have burned me; today they are content with burning my books." In the summer, Freud begins work on The Man Moses and Monotheistic Religion.


In 1935 Freud became an honorary member Royal Society physicians in the UK. On September 13, 1936, the Freuds celebrated their golden wedding. On that day, four of their children came to visit them. The persecution of the Jews by the National Socialists is growing, the warehouse of the International Psychoanalytic Publishing House in Leipzig is being arrested. In August, the International Psychoanalytic Congress took place in Marienbad. The place of the congress was chosen in such a way as to enable Anna Freud to quickly return to Vienna to assist her father if necessary. in 1938, the last meeting of the leadership of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Association took place, at which a decision was made to leave the country. Ernest Jones and Marie Bonaparte rush to Vienna to help Freud. Foreign demonstrations force the Nazi regime to allow Freud to emigrate. The International Psychoanalytic Publication has been sentenced to liquidation.

On August 23, 1938, the authorities close the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. On June 4, Freud leaves Vienna with his wife and daughter Anna and travels by Orient Express via Paris to London.
In London, Freud first lives at Elsworthy Road 39, and on September 27 he moves to his last home, Maresfield Gardens 20.
The family of Sigmund Freud has lived in this house since 1938. Until 1982, Anna Freud lived here. Now here is a museum and a research center at the same time.

The exposition of the museum is very rich. The Freud family was lucky - they managed to take out almost all the furnishings of their Austrian home. So now visitors have the opportunity to admire samples of the Austrian wooden furniture 18th and 19th centuries, chairs and tables in the Bedermeier style. But, of course, the "hit of the season" is the psychoanalyst's famous couch, on which his patients lay during the sessions. In addition, Freud spent his whole life collecting objects of ancient art - samples of ancient Greek, ancient Egyptian, ancient Roman art are lined with all horizontal surfaces in his office. Including the desk where Freud used to write in the morning.

In August 1938, the last pre-war International Psychoanalytic Congress took place in Paris. late autumn Freud again begins to conduct psychoanalytic sessions, taking four patients daily. Freud writes an Outline of Psychoanalysis, but never manages to complete it. In the summer of 1939, Freud's condition began to deteriorate more and more. On September 23, 1939, just before midnight, Freud dies after begging his doctor Max Schur (under a prearranged condition) for an injection of a lethal dose of morphine. Freud's body was cremated at Golder's Green crematorium on September 26. Ernest Jones holds the eulogy. German Stefan Zweig delivers the funeral speech. The ashes from the body of Sigmund Freud are placed in a Greek vase, which he received as a gift from Marie Bonaparte.

Today, Freud's personality has become legendary, and his works are unanimously recognized as a new milestone in world culture. Interest in the discoveries of psychoanalysis is shown by philosophers and writers, artists and directors. During the life of Freud, Stefan Zweig's book "Medicine and the Psyche" was published. One of its chapters is devoted to the "father of psychoanalysis", his role in the final revolution of ideas about medicine and the nature of diseases. After the Second World War in the United States, psychoanalysis becomes a "second religion" and outstanding masters pay tribute to it. American cinema Cast: Vincenta Minnelli, Elia Kazan, Nicholas Rey, Alfred Hitchcock, Charlie Chaplin. One of the biggest French philosophers- Jean Paul Sartre writes a script about the life of Freud, and a little later, Hollywood director John Huston makes a film based on his motives ... Today it is impossible to name any major writer or scientist, philosopher or director of the twentieth century who would not have experienced direct or indirect influence of psychoanalysis. So the promise of the young Viennese doctor, which he gave to his future wife Martha, came true - he really became a great person.

According to the materials of the International Psychoanalytic Conference "Sigmund Freud - the founder of a new scientific paradigm: psychoanaliz in theory and practice" (to the 150th anniversary of the birth of Sigmund Freud).


Want to explore the depths of your unconscious? - psychotherapist psychoanalytic school is ready to accompany you on this exciting journey.

Sigmund from a young age was distinguished by exceptional abilities and a keen interest in the latest achievements of science. He is mainly attracted by the natural sciences - in their strict laws, he hopes to acquire the key to the secrets of nature and human existence. But curiosity and breadth of interests do not allow him to limit himself to only one area of ​​knowledge. At the University, Sigmund is a member of the student union for the study of history, politics and philosophy, studies the works of Plato and Aristotle, as well as the texts of Eastern philosophers.

After graduating from the medical faculty of the University of Vienna, Freud dreams of a career as a scientist, but he is forced to take care of a “piece of bread” and therefore becomes a practicing neurologist. He works in one of the Vienna psychiatric clinics under the leadership of the largest psychiatrist and neuropathologist of that time T. Meinert. During this period, Freud wrote several articles on original methods of studying nervous tissue and they are quickly gaining popularity in scientific world. Subsequently, his observations played an important role in the creation of neural theory - the main position of modern neurology. Freud received his medical degree in 1881.

One of the reasons that prompted Freud to take care not only of his scientific interests, but also of material well-being was the upcoming marriage. In 1882 he was engaged to Martha Bernays. Caring for the family, relationships with loved ones have always been extremely important to him. Subsequently, the problem of relations between fathers and children, as well as the intricacies of desires and duty in family relationships become one of the main themes of his work.

In the same year, an event occurred in Freud's life that greatly influenced the further development of his views. By this time, Freud begins to feel the limitations of the physiotherapeutic methods of treatment offered by neurologists. He becomes a student of Joseph Breuer, a successful practicing doctor, who later became not only his teacher, but also a close friend. Breuer used mild hypnosis to treat his patients and achieved fairly good results. At the end of 1882, Freud gets acquainted with the story of Anna O., Breuer's patient. This girl lost her father, after which she developed hysterical symptoms: paralysis of the limbs, impaired skin sensitivity, speech and vision disorders. In addition, she had a split personality. The transition from one personality to another was accompanied by self-hypnosis, accompanied by stories about her Everyday life. During one such condition, she spoke in detail about how she developed one of the symptoms. When she returned to her usual state, it was suddenly discovered that this symptom had disappeared. This event prompted Breuer to create a new method of treatment, which he called cathartic: he immersed the patient in a hypnotic state and asked him to tell in full detail about all the events accompanying the appearance of the symptom.

Despite his success in treating Anna O., Breuer suddenly refuses to continue working with her and hastily leaves with his wife for Venice. The reason for this is the passionate feelings that suddenly awakened to him in the patient. When he refuses further sessions, Anna experiences a severe hysterical crisis, symbolizing childbirth. It turned out that even during the treatment with Breuer, she developed an imaginary pregnancy, for some reason not noticed by the doctor. Breuer is shocked and confused, he cannot find an explanation for this incident.

Since ancient times, hysteria has been called a "deceitful disease." Usually, doctors did not take hysterical patients seriously, considering them to be ordinary simulators, skillfully parodying the symptoms. various diseases- paralysis, asthma, stomach diseases, etc. The case of Anna O. aroused in Freud a deep interest in this disease.

In 1885, Freud learned about the unusual methods of treating mental illness by the French doctor Charcot, nicknamed by his contemporaries "the king of neuroses." Most of the work of this scientist is devoted to the study of hysteria. To study the nature of this disease and its treatment, Charcot, like Breuer, uses hypnosis. The French school of neuropathology had a wealth of clinical material and extraordinary success in the study of hypnosis and hysteria, but in Vienna these studies were met with rather skepticism. Therefore, Freud decides to go to Paris to be personally trained by Charcot.

Before leaving for Paris, Freud's fiancee, Martha, finds him doing a strange thing: he burns his letters and papers in the stove. He explains to her that he wants to make it difficult for his biographers to work, because he has a dislike for them in advance. To her objection that he will not have any biographers, he confidently replies that great people always have biographers ... This scene is described by Sartre in his film script "Freud". By the time this script was written, Freud's personality had already become legendary, and psychoanalysis had gained the strength of one of the new mythologies of the 20th century. It is difficult to say with certainty whether this conversation actually took place, but there is no doubt that Freud believed in his special destiny and this belief gave him stamina and determination in the most difficult periods of his life.

Acquaintance with the works of Charcot, the "Paris period" turned out to be a turning point in his life. Charcot paid great attention to the fantasy world of the patient, he argued that the causes of hysteria lie in the psyche, and not in physiology. In one of his conversations with Freud, he notes that, in his opinion, the causes of a neurotic's illness lie in the characteristics of his sexual life. These ideas, compared with the observations of Freud himself, as well as with the memorable case of Anna O., lead him to the idea of ​​the existence of a special sphere of the psyche, hidden from consciousness, but having a great influence on our lives. Moreover, this sphere consists mainly of sexual desires and desires, one way or another manifested during treatment.

Nia.
In 1886 Freud returned to Vienna and in October gave a lecture to the Medical Society "on hysteria in men". Basically, he sets out in it the ideas of Charcot, seeing in them the possibility of solving the riddle of this disease. However, his message was received rather skeptically and was soon forgotten. Having experienced deep disappointment, Freud returned to neurology, while also practicing medicine. His works “Aphasia” (1891), “Project scientific psychology”(1895), “On infantile cerebral paralysis” (1897).

Together with Breuer, Freud continued the study of hysteria and its treatment using the cathartic method. In 1895, they published the book "Etudes on Hysteria", which for the first time speaks of the relationship between the emergence of neurosis and unsatisfied drives and emotions repressed from consciousness. Freud also occupies another state of the human psyche, similar to hypnotic - a dream. In the same year, he discovers the basic formula for the secret of dreams: each of them is the fulfillment of a wish. This thought struck him so much that he even jokingly offered to nail a commemorative plaque in the place where it happened. Five years later, he set forth these ideas in his book The Interpretation of Dreams, which he consistently considered his best work.

Developing his ideas, Freud concludes that the main force that directs all actions, thoughts and desires of a person is the energy of libido, that is, the power of sexual desire. The human unconscious is filled with this energy, and therefore it is in constant confrontation with consciousness - the embodiment of moral norms and moral principles. Thus he comes to describe the hierarchical structure of the psyche, consisting of three "levels": consciousness, preconscious and unconscious. The preconscious consists of those desires and thoughts that were conscious, but subjected to repression, they can be quite easily returned to the field of consciousness. The unconscious is made up of natural forces and instincts, the awareness of which is very difficult. In addition, Freud identifies three qualities of the psyche, three " actors”, present in each of us, between which there is a constant confrontation. These characters are Super-I, I and It. The first of them is the focus of moral norms and stereotypes dictated by society. It is the world of chaos, natural forces and inclinations. The ego, caught between them, is forced to reconcile with each other the requirements of one and the other, also taking into account the conditions of the external world. Freud wrote: "I, driven by It, constrained by Super-I, repelled by reality" is forced to make every effort to harmonize relations between these three of its "owners".

Freud's discoveries were received very coldly by Puritan Vienna. He himself wrote about this: "the attitude towards them was negative, imbued with a sense of contempt, compassion, or superiority." Scientifically accurate descriptions of the “reverse side” of the human soul, the play of instincts and unconscious elements, produced the impression of something base and obscene on the stiff scientific men. Freud's theory was accepted as a "bad joke" (P. Janet). But Freud remains true to the truth scientific facts while maintaining rigor and impartiality. He makes no compromises

From 1896 to 1902, Freud finds himself in complete isolation. Even his mentor Breuer turns his back on him, not wanting to hurt his career. He devotes years of loneliness to the continuation of his research and receives new confirmation of the truth of his views. The emptiness that reigned around him was met by him with great courage and calmness, later he calls this period "a wonderful, heroic time."

Despite the negative reaction of the intellectual elite, Freud's extraordinary ideas are gradually gaining acceptance among the young doctors of Vienna. In 1902, students and like-minded people gathered around Freud, and a psychoanalytic circle was formed. During this period, Freud wrote The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1904), Wit and its Relation to the Unconscious (1905), Five Lectures on Psychoanalysis (1909). In 1907 he established contact with the school of psychiatrists from Zurich, and a young Swiss doctor K.G. became his student. Jung. Freud pinned great hopes on this man - he considered him the best successor to his offspring, capable of leading the psychoanalytic community. In 1909, the two of them were invited to the USA to give lectures, where they performed with great success.

However, C. G. Jung is bold and independent in his judgments and he enters into an argument with his teacher. As a result of his own research and observations, Jung cannot agree that the main force, the driving will and desires of all mankind, is the energy of sexual desire, designated by Freud by the term libido. Jung also uses this term, but he understands it as an energy of a more general, global nature, some kind of fundamental " vitality as such. A relationship that began with mutual admiration ends in a lawsuit. At the request of Freud, Jung was "excommunicated" from psychoanalysis and forced to call his method of psychotherapy in a different way: "analytical psychology".

Freud is still surrounded by students, but he does not see in any of them a worthy successor. He builds the theory of psychoanalysis on the model natural science, with all its inherent rigor. Therefore, from his students, he requires compliance with these strict rules, following clear principles and patterns. But the most talented students, one by one, leave him, creating their own directions. Despite all the blows of fate, Freud does not lose hope. He ends one of his books from this period of his life with the wish that "fate grant an easy rise to all those who feel uncomfortable in the underworld of psychoanalysis, while the rest will be free to complete the work in its depths."

Freud continues to work actively, psychoanalysis is widely known throughout Europe, in the USA, in Russia. In 1909 he lectured in the USA, and in 1910 the First International Congress on Psychoanalysis was held in Nuremberg. In 1915-1917. he lectures in his homeland, at the University of Vienna. His new works are being published, where he continues his research into the mysteries of the unconscious. Now his ideas go beyond just medicine and psychology, but also concern the laws of development of culture and society. Many young doctors come to study psychoanalysis directly to its founder.

Including, these are S. Spielrein, L. Andreas-Salome, Nikolai Osipov, Moses Wulf from Russia. From 1910 to 1930 psychoanalysis was one of the most important components Russian culture. In 1914, Freud wrote: “In Russia, psychoanalysis is known and widespread; almost all of my books, like those of other adherents of psychoanalysis, have been translated into Russian.” The Russian Psychoanalytic Society included such bright psychologists as N.E. Osipov, L.S. Vygotsky, A.R. Luria. However, since the mid-1920s, some of them had to change the topic of their research, abandoning psychoanalysis, while others had to continue their work outside their homeland. The further development of psychoanalysis in Russia became impossible. The fate of S. Spielrein eloquently testifies to this. Returning to Russia in 1923, full of romantic hopes, she tries to continue her psychoanalytic practice, but ends her life tragically, alone and in poverty...

In the early 1920s, fate again subjected Freud to severe trials: he developed jaw cancer, caused by addiction to cigars. The disturbing socio-political situation gives rise to riots and unrest. Freud, remaining true to the natural-science tradition, increasingly turns to the topics of the psychology of the masses, the psychological structure of religious and ideological dogmas. Continuing to explore the abyss of the unconscious, he now comes to the conclusion that two equally strong principles control a person: this is the desire for life (Eros) and the desire for death (Thanatos). The instinct of destruction, the forces of aggression and violence, manifest themselves too clearly around us not to notice them.

In 1933, fascism came to power in Germany and Freud's books, along with many others that were not pleasing to the new authorities, were set on fire. To this, Freud remarks: “What progress we have made! In the Middle Ages they would have burned me; today they are content to burn my books.” After the capture of Austria by the Nazis, Freud finds himself in the hands of the Gestapo, and only the Queen of England, having paid a ransom for his life, manages to save him from inevitable death. Freud emigrates with his family to England, where he spends the rest of his days.

Today, Freud's personality has become legendary, and his works are unanimously recognized as a new milestone in world culture. Interest in the discoveries of psychoanalysis is shown by philosophers and writers, artists and directors. Even during Freud's lifetime, Stefan Zweig's book "Medicine and the Psyche" was published. One of its chapters is devoted to the "father of psychoanalysis", his role in the final revolution of ideas about medicine and the nature of diseases. After the Second World War in the United States, psychoanalysis becomes a “second religion” and outstanding masters of American cinema pay tribute to it: Vincenta Minnelli, Elia Kazan, Nicholas Rey, Alfred Hitchcock, Charlie Chaplin. One of the greatest French philosophers, Jean Paul Sartre, wrote a script about the life of Freud, and a little later, Hollywood director John Huston made a film based on his motives... Today it is impossible to name any major writer or scientist, philosopher or director of the twentieth century who would have been directly or indirectly influenced by psychoanalysis. So the promise of the young Viennese doctor, which he gave to his future wife Martha, came true - he really became a great person.

Sigmund Freud ( full name- Sigismund Shlomo Freud) was born on May 6, 1856 in the town of Freiberg. Today it is the Czech city of Příbor, and at that time Freiberg, like the whole of the Czech Republic, was part of the Austrian Empire. The ancestors of his father, Jacob Freud, lived in Germany, and his mother, Amalia Natanson, was from Odessa. She was thirty years younger than her husband and, in fact, played the role of leader in the family.

Jacob Freud had own business in the textile trade. Soon after the birth of the future famous psychoanalyst, hard days came for his father's business. Having practically gone bankrupt, he and his whole family moved first to Leipzig, and then to Vienna. The first years in the Austrian capital were difficult for the Freuds, but after a couple of years, Jacob, Sigmund's father, got to his feet, and their lives more or less improved.

Getting an education

Sigmund graduated with honors from the gymnasium, but all universities were not opened before him. He was limited by the lack of funds in the family and anti-Semitic sentiments in high school. The impetus for making a decision about further education was a lecture he once heard about nature, built on the basis of Goethe's philosophical essay. Freud entered the medical faculty of the University of Vienna, but quickly realized that a career as a general practitioner was not for him. He was much more attracted to psychology, which he became interested in at the lectures of the famous psychologist Ernst von Brucke. In 1881, having received a medical degree, he continued to work in the Brücke laboratory, but this activity did not generate income and Freud got a job as a doctor in the Vienna Hospital. After working for several months in surgery, the young doctor switched to neurology. In the course of his medical practice, he studied methods of treating paralysis in children and even published several scientific articles on this topic. He was the first to use the term "infantile cerebral palsy", and his work in this area earned him a reputation as a good neuropathologist. Later, he published articles in which he created the first classification of cerebral palsy.

Gaining Medical Experience

In 1983, Freud moved to serve in the psychiatric department. Work in psychiatry has served as the basis for writing several scientific publications, including the article "Studies in Hysteria", written later (in 1895) with the physician Joseph Breuer and considered the first scientific work in the history of psychoanalysis. In the next two years, Freud changed his specialization several times. He worked in the venereal department of the hospital, while studying the relationship of syphilis with diseases. nervous system. Then he moved to the Department of Nervous Diseases.

During this period of his activity, Freud turned to the study of the psychostimulant properties of cocaine. He tested the effects of cocaine on himself. Freud was greatly impressed by the analgesic properties of this substance, used it in his medical practice and promoted it as an effective medicine in the treatment of depression, neuroses, alcoholism, certain types of drug addiction, syphilis and sexual disorders. Sigmund Freud published several scientific papers on the properties of cocaine and its use in medicine. The medical and scientific community lashed out at him for these articles. A few years later, cocaine was recognized by all doctors in Europe as a dangerous drug, the same as opium and alcohol. However, by that time Freud had already become addicted to cocaine and even hooked several of his acquaintances and patients on cocaine.

In 1985, the young doctor managed to get an internship at a psychiatric clinic in Paris. In the capital of France, he worked under the guidance of the famous psychiatrist Jean Charcot. Freud himself had very high hopes for an internship under the guidance of a venerable scientist. He wrote at that time to his fiancee: "... I will go to Paris, become a great scientist and return to Vienna with a big, just a huge halo over my head." Returning from France the following year, Freud actually opened his own neuropathological practice, where he treated neuroses with hypnosis.

Family life of Sigmund Freud

A year after returning from Paris, Freud married Martha Bernays. They had known each other for four years, but Freud, who did not have a good income, did not consider himself capable of providing for his wife, who was used to living in abundance. Private medical practice brought best income, and in September 1886, Sigmund and Marta got married. Biographers of the great psychoanalyst note very strong and tender feelings that connected Freud and Bernays. In the four years that have passed from acquaintance to marriage, Sigmund wrote more than 900 letters to his bride. They lived in love for 53 years - until the death of Freud. Martha once said that in all these 53 years they had not said a single angry or offensive word to each other. The wife bore Freud six children. The youngest daughter of Sigmund Freud followed in her father's footsteps. Anna Freud was the founder of child psychoanalysis.

Creation of psychoanalysis and contribution to science

By the mid-1990s, Freud was firmly convinced that the cause of hysterical states was repressed memories of a sexual nature. In 1986, the father of Sigmund Freud died and the scientist fell into a severe depression. Freud decided to treat the neurosis that had developed on the basis of depression on his own - by studying his childhood memories by the method of free association. To enhance the effectiveness of self-treatment, Freud turned to the analysis of his dreams. This practice turned out to be very painful, but gave the expected result. In 1990, Sigmund Freud published what he considered to be the main work in psychoanalysis: The Interpretation of Dreams.

The release of the book did not make a splash in the scientific community, but gradually a group of followers and like-minded people began to form around Freud. The meeting of psychoanalysts in Freud's house was called the Wednesday Psychological Society. Within a few years, this society has grown significantly. Freud himself, meanwhile, published several more works significant for the theory of psychoanalysis, including: "Wit and its relation to the unconscious" and "Three essays on the theory of sexuality." At the same time, Freud's popularity as a practicing psychoanalyst grew steadily. Patients from other countries began to come to see him. In 1909, Freud received an invitation to lecture in the United States. The following year, his book Five Lectures on Psychoanalysis was published.

In 1913, Sigmund Freud published the book "Totem and Taboo", dedicated to the origin of morality and religion. In 1921, Mass Psychology and the Analysis of the Human Self was published, in which the scientist uses the tools of psychoanalysis to explain social phenomena.

The last years of Sigmund Freud's life

In 1923, Freud was diagnosed with a malignant tumor of the palate. The operation to remove it was unsuccessful and subsequently he had to undergo surgery three dozen more times. Stopping the spreading tumor required the removal of part of the jaw. After that, Sigmund Freud could not lecture. He was still actively invited to various events, but his daughter Anna spoke for him, reading out his works.

After Hitler came to power in Germany and the subsequent Anschluss of Austria, the position of the scientist in his native country became extremely difficult. His psychological association was banned, books were removed from libraries and shops and burned, along with books by Heine, Kafka and Einstein. After the Gestapo arrested his daughter, Freud decided to leave the country. It turned out to be not easy, the Nazi authorities demanded a significant amount of money for permission to emigrate. Ultimately, with the help of many influential people in the world, Freud managed to emigrate to England. The departure from the country coincided with the progress of the disease. Freud asked his friend and attending physician about euthanasia. On September 23, 1939, Sigmund Freud died as a result of an injection of morphine.

Sigmund Freud was born in Freiberg in 1856, the eldest of eight children. His family moved to Vienna when Freud was four years old. He studied at preparatory school in Leopoldstadt, where he excelled in Greek, Latin, history, mathematics and other sciences. His gift for the sciences allowed him to enter the University of Vienna at the age of seventeen. Upon completion, he continued his studies, obtaining a medical degree and becoming a PhD in neurology.

Freud married Martha Bernays in 1886 and the couple had six children. Most youngest child, Anna Freud, became an influential psychologist and a vocal defender of her father's theories.

After working with Joseph Breuer at the General Hospital in Vienna, Freud traveled to Paris to study hypnosis under Jean-Martin Charcot. When he returned to Vienna the following year, Freud opened his first medical practice and began to specialize in brain and nervous disorders. Freud soon determined that hypnosis was an ineffective method to achieve the desired results, and he began to use a form of conversation with patients. This method came to be called "talking cure" and the goal was to encourage the patient to release the repressed energy and emotion in him. Freud called this state repression and realized that it hinders the development of emotional and physical functionality. Freud also believed that the cause of neurosis is strong negative experiences that occurred in the patient's past. The use of talk therapy eventually became the basis of psychoanalysis. Freud and Breuer published their theories and findings in Studies in Hysteria (1895).

After a long joint work Breuer stopped communicating with Freud, feeling that Sigmund paid too much attention to the sexual origin of the patient's neuroses and was completely unwilling to consider other points of view. Freud continued to work on his own theories, and in 1900, after a long period of introspection, he published The Interpretation of Dreams. Later, in 1901, he published The Psychopathology of Everyday Life and, in 1905, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. For several years, Sigmund Freud did not receive recognition. Most of his contemporaries, like his former friend Breuer, considered his emphasis on the sexual origin of neuroses either scandalous or overdone. In 1909 he was invited to perform in the United States. It was after these visits to the United States and the publication of Five Lectures on Psychoanalysis in 1916 that his fame began to grow exponentially.

Freud fled Austria from the Nazis in 1938. He died in England on September 23, 1939, at the age of 83, after asking his doctor for a lethal dose of morphine after a long and hard battle with oral cancer.

His life

Biography of Freud Sigmund about the main thing

Sigmund Freud is very famous person today. During his lifetime, he was an excellent neurologist, psychiatrist and excellent psychologist who helped people deal with their mental problems. Now he is known as an excellent interpreter of dreams.

He himself comes from the Czech Republic, from the glorious town of Freiberg. The future psychologist was born on May 6, 1856. From their native country, the whole family had to move to Ukraine because of Jewish persecution. The whole family settled in the small town of Tysmenitsa, which is located in the Ivano-Frankivsk region.

His psychoanalysis was constantly based on the study of those traumatic experiences that he himself had previously experienced and studied from numerous visitors. On the basis of dreams, he could explain what kind of disease engulfs a person, and gave practical recommendations for saving their health and life in general.

Beyond analysis human dreams, Sigmund's theory included the technique of simple associations. In 1900, Freud wrote a work called The Interpretation of Dreams, where the psychologist first put forward his theory that people dream of all this as a result of close relationship their sexual desires and frequent neuroses.

Based on Sigmund's theory, we can safely say that each person has 3 main components: I (responsible for reality), Super-I (human conscience) and It (unconscious instincts).

Several works were created and devoted to the study of psychology by Sigmund Freud.

In 1938, the famous person moves again, this time he stays in London. Freud made a huge request to Max Schur: the fact is that the famous psychiatrist was suffering from terrible pain resulting from cancer and he asked Max to give him an increased dose of morphine. Shure couldn't help but agree. On September 23, 1939, Sigmund passed away.

About his life

Interesting Facts and dates from life

Sigmund Freud, German Sigismund Schlomo Freud; May 6, 1856, Freiberg, Austria-Hungary (now Příbor, Czech Republic) - September 23, 1939, London) - Austrian psychologist, psychiatrist and neurologist, founder of the psychoanalytic school - a therapeutic trend in psychology, postulating the theory that human neurotic disorders are caused by a multi-complex relationship unconscious and conscious processes. In their theories Freud largely based on the ideas of evolutionary anthropology.

Sigmund Freud was born into a family of Galician Jews. His father, Yakov, was 41 years old and had two children from a previous marriage. Sigmund's mother, Amalia Natanson, Yakov's third wife, was 21 years old. In 1860, the Freud family moved to Vienna due to financial difficulties. At the age of 9 Freud enrolled in Sperl Gymnasium ( high school), where he was one of the best students, and graduated with honors at the age of 17.

After graduating from high school Freud wanted to make a military or political career, but due to anti-Semitic sentiments and financial difficulties, his ambitions were crossed out.

In the autumn of 1873, he entered the medical department of the University of Vienna. From 1876 to 1882 he worked in the psychology laboratory of Ernst Brücke, studying the histology of nerve cells. In 1881, he passed his final exams with honors and received the degree of doctor of medicine.

In March 1876 Freud under the guidance of Professor Karl Klaus, he investigated the sexual life of the eel. In particular, he studied the presence of testes in the male eel. This was his first scientific work.

In 1882 Freud proceeded to medical practice. Scientific interests led him to main hospital Vienna, where he began research at the Institute of Cerebral Anatomy. In the early 1880s. became close friends with Josef Breuer and Jean Martin Charcot, who had a huge impact on his scientific work.

In 1886 Freud married Martha Bernays. Subsequently, they had six children, the youngest, Anna Freud, became a follower of her father, founded child psychoanalysis, systematized and developed psychoanalytic theory, made a significant contribution to the theory and practice of psychoanalysis in her writings.

Published in 1891 Freud"On Aphasia", in which he, in particular, for the first time made a reasoned criticism of the then generally accepted concept of localization of brain functions in its certain centers and proposed an alternative functional-genetic approach to the study of the psyche and its physiological mechanisms. In the article "Defensive neuropsychoses" (1894) and the work "The study of hysteria" (1895, together with I. Breuer), it was evidenced that there is an inverse effect of mental pathology on physiological processes and the dependence of somatic symptoms on emotional state patient.

With the beginning of the 20th century, he began to publish his main scientific works:

  • "" (1900)
  • "Psychopathology of everyday life" (1901)
  • "One early memory of Leonardo da Vinci" (1910)
  • "" (1913)
  • "Lectures on Introduction to Psychoanalysis" (1916-1917)
  • "Beyond the Pleasure Principle" (1920)
  • "Psychology of the masses and the analysis of the human "I"" (1921)
  • "" (1923)
In 1938, after the annexation of Austria to Germany (the Anschluss) and the ensuing persecution of Jews by the Nazis, Freud's position became much more complicated. After the arrest of Anna's daughter and interrogation by the Gestapo, Freud decided to leave the Third Reich. However, the authorities were in no hurry to let him out of the country. He was forced not only to sign a humiliating gratitude to the Gestapo "for a number of good offices", but also to pay the Reich government a fabulous "ransom" of 4,000 dollars for the right to leave Germany. Largely thanks to the efforts and connections of the Princess of Greece and Denmark, Marie Bonaparte - a patient and student of Freud - he managed to save his life and emigrate to London with his wife and daughter. Freud's two sisters were sent to a concentration camp, where they died in 1942.

In 1923, Freud palate cancer caused by smoking. The scientist underwent 33 operations, but continued to work until last days life.
Painfully suffering from cancer, in 1939 he asked his doctor and friend Max Schur to help him perform euthanasia, the idea of ​​which was quite popular at that time. He gave him a triple dose of morphine, which Freud died September 23 at the age of 83.