No air envelope atmosphere. What is the name of the earth's atmosphere? Atmosphere - the air shell of the Earth

OPTION 1

The answers to tasks 1-24 are a number (number) or a word (several words), a sequence of numbers (numbers). Write down the answer in the answer field in the text of the work, and then transfer it to the ANSWER FORM No. 1 to the right of the task number, starting from the first cell,without spaces, commas and other additional characters. Write each letter or number in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form.

Read the text and complete tasks 1-3

(1) Without the atmosphere - the air shell of the Earth - our planet would be as lifeless as the Moon. (2) The sun's rays would heat up the illuminated side of the Earth, and icy cold would reign on the unlit side. (3) The atmosphere wraps the Earth like a blanket, retains the heat of the sun and protects flora and fauna from the harmful effects of ultraviolet solar and cosmic rays.

1. Indicate two sentences that correctly convey HOME information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) The atmosphere protects the flora of the Earth from the harmful effects of ultraviolet sunlight.

2) The atmosphere - the air shell of the Earth - provides life on the planet, keeping the sun's heat and protecting all life from the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays.

3) The atmosphere envelops the Earth, like the Moon, like a blanket, retains the heat of the sun and protects the animal world from the harmful effects of cosmic rays.

4) Without an atmosphere, the sun's rays would heat up the illuminated side of the Earth, and darkness would reign on the opposite side.

5) The existence of life on Earth is provided by the atmosphere - an air shell that protects all living things from the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays and retains solar heat.

2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

same

to this end

because

Although

If

3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word WORLD. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

WORLD, -a, m.

1) Consent, absence of enmity, quarrels, wars.Live in peace. In the family m. Save m. on Earth.

2) Agreement between the belligerents to end the war. conclude m.

3) units Globe, Earth, as well as people, the population of the globe.Go around the whole m. The first in the world. World champion. M. tight (about unexpectedly discovered common acquaintances, connections; book.).

4) United for some reason. signs of human society, social environment, system.Antique m. Scientific m.

5) A separate area of ​​\u200b\u200blife, phenomena, objects.M. plants. M. sounds. Internal m. of a person. M. hobbies.

6) units Secular life, in contrast to monastic life, churches.Live in the world. Leave the world for a monastery.

7) Rural community with its members (obsolete).With the world on a thread - a naked shirt (last). Decide on the world (at a rural meeting).

4. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: WRONG the letter representing the percussive sound is highlighted. Write out this word.

waiting for religion

dexterous living wholesale

5. In one of the sentences below WRONG highlighted word is used. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.

Who started the fight?

I am annoyed by her perpetually dull, EVERYDAY expression on her face.

The agency carries out SELECTION of vacancies in any areas of activity.

One of the main factors influencing their migration intentions is the POSSIBILITY of a well-paid job.

6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the form of the word. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly

IN ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-EIGHT volumes

DO NOT WAVING YOUR HANDS

WIDER

Kilogram PASTA

Pair of TOWELS

7. Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

8. Determine the word in which the unstressed checked vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter

k..rporation

help..steal the distance..barking with..tunation

9. Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write these words out with the missing letters.

p .. arrange, with .. voice

cheer .. chur, in .. hlip

pr..form, pr..lower

o..pirate, po..pull

without..minty, over..inventive

10. Write down a word in which a letter is written at the place of the gap AND.

budget..chko Zarech..nsky

endure .. choosy .. new plutonium .. new

11. Write down a word in which a letter is written at the place of the gap E.

Catch up..sh, wake up..sh

Worry..whispering..whispering

Cleared..

12. Define a sentence in which NOT spelled with the word ONE ? Open the brackets and write out this word.

People who have (not) been to the tropics cannot imagine winter rain.

The birds are driven south (not) by the coming cold, but by the lack of food.

As a child, Chekhov was (not) exhausted for inventions.

Andrei entered the still (not) plastered room.

The bridge is (not) built.

13. Define a sentence in which both highlighted words are written ONE . Open the brackets and write out these two words.

And NO matter how fast you are in a hurry to get to the water, you will still stop several times on the way down the hill to look at the distance on the other side of the river.

(B) FOR two hours, climbers climbed the mountainside, then moving (B) FRONT, then sliding down again.

And if (FROM) WHAT I’m starting to do, I’m not the only one I expect benefits, then, I confess, FOR (TO) I’m more willing to take it.

(B) AS A CONSEQUENCE of the past showers, the river overflowed its banks, and the entire space (IN) THE CIRCLE was covered with water.

(B) A CONSEQUENCE of the fact that the work of electric potential forces does not depend on the shape of the path of a unit charge, on each of the parallel-connected conductors, one and THEN (SAME) voltage appears.

14. Indicate all the numbers in the place of which it is written NN.

A portrait of a fearful (1) man, written (2) by an artist who had a remarkable (3) talent, was part of the dowry of the (4) th (5) mistress of the house.

15. Set up punctuation marks. Point two proposals to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) In the light of lightning, houses and sheds and trunks of wet trees became visible.

2) The breath of the autumn winds now captures the taiga with marsh gray hair, then weaves golden and silvery-yellow strands into it.

3) In winter, I went hunting or went downhill with the guys or went skiing with them.

4) Long before dawn, Ilyinichna lit the stove and by morning she had already baked bread and dried two bags of crackers.

5) A short downpour passed and the streets smelled of the bitter sweetness of birch buds.

16. Place punctuation marks:

Behind the field (1) sown (2) with rye (3) just blossomed (4) a small village was visible.

17. Place punctuation marks:indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentences.

The bear-stone on the Tagil River is (1) without a doubt (2) one of the highest rocks in the Middle Urals. Here (3) according to legend (4) Yermak wintered with his army.

18. Place punctuation marks:indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence

The human body (1) needs trace elements (2) the use (3) of which (4) in complex fertilizers (5) increases the nutritional value of fruits and vegetables.

19. Place punctuation marks:indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

It smells stronger of fog (1) and (2) when we step into the meadow (3) the smell of mowed, still damp grass covers (4) although signs of its first wilting are already visible.

Read the text and complete tasks 20-25. To answer 25 task, use the ANSWER FORM No. 2.

(1) We were taken away from Leningrad across Lake Ladoga, when the cars no longer drove on ice, but floated on water. (2) Spring was approaching, and the ice on the lake was quickly melting. (Z) Cars float on water - the road is not visible, but something like a river, along which cars either drive or float. (4) I am sitting, clinging to my mother, on some soft knots. (5) We are driving in an open body car at the tailgate. (6) Cold, damp, windy. (7) I don’t even have the strength to cry, probably everyone is scared. (8) The ice is already thin and at any moment can fall under a heavy machine. (9) And in the sky at any moment German planes can appear and start bombing the road and ice. (10) Fear binds an already helpless body. (11) I remember that from this terrible fear I wanted to jump up and run away no matter where, just not to sit in this hopeless doom. (12) People in the car behave differently, and this is striking. (13) 3and my short childhood life, I saw and felt so much then that I ceased to be a child and became a young old woman ... (14) Sometimes thoughts fall as if into an abyss. (15) I either fall asleep or lose consciousness. (16) Then consciousness returns, and again thoughts go in a circle: “Bread! Of bread! Of bread!" (17) So unbearably hungry.

(18) How much we drove so terribly, I don’t know - it seemed endless. (19) When they took me off the car and tried to put me on my feet, it didn’t work out. (20) My legs, apparently, were numb, my knees gave way, and I fell into the snow. (21) In my arms they took me to some room. (22) It was warm there. (23) But I wanted only one thing - eat, eat and eat, because satiety did not come. (24) And satiety will not come for a very, very long time. (25) Nevertheless, a feeling of forgotten warmth fell upon me, and I slept, slept, slept ... (26) Of course, now that I am already 16 years old and I am writing these lines, I can realize all this and find the right words, to express that condition. (27) And then ... (28) My childhood Memory keeps a lot on its shelves that is impossible to forget, impossible not to remember. (29) But not all of this will be claimed by life, and memories and perceptions of the past will fade.

(З0) But everything will lie on demand and someday come in handy. (31) The main thing is what values ​​​​will be in demand in my adult life. (32) And while I remember, while I am sick of the blockade and military memory, I will make these sketches about the terrible period of my small life in a big Country, sketches about the disastrous hungry life in my Leningrad, about the terrible road along Lake Ladoga, about what happened after how they put us on the train and my mother and I went first to Gorky, and then towards the Battle of Stalingrad ... (ЗЗ) Sketches about how hunger and war crippled people morally and mentally ...

(34) Why am I writing all this five years after the Victory? (35) I am writing for myself, for Memory, while I still remember the little things and details of events. (36) I am writing to throw out on paper my lingering pain from the fact that we, silly kids, were thrown down a slope, wounded and sick, adults, when we were sent back to Leningrad after the nightmare of Demyansk and Lychkov, that I had to overcome the excruciating hunger of the winter of 1941-1942 alone, because my mother was in the barracks, that in my little life there was Stalingrad and a hospital with enormous human suffering.

(37) I have many reasons, and maybe when I share my pain with paper, I will feel better. (38) And also because when our father’s colleagues gather and remember the war, I really want to shout out: (39) “Do you know what happened to your families, your children in Leningrad? (40) In Stalingrad? (41) In other places where there was a war, where were the battles? (42) But our Memory is not considered. (43) So let this bitter Memory of mine quietly lie among my books and notebooks. (44) Let it lie, and maybe someone will someday find this notebook in the discarded trash and find out how we lived and survived in the war, and let it be a caring person. (45) My troubles and sufferings are mine, which no one cares about. (46) Someone may have had much worse. (47) Yes, and probably worse, otherwise people would not die. (48) But this was more than enough for me and enough for the rest of my life. (49) Some little things will be forgotten, but that fear of hunger, bombing, shelling, the suffering of the wounded in the hospital, the death of Danilovna and her help and Aunt Xenia will never be forgotten.(According to L. Pozhedaeva *) * Lyudmila Vasilievna Pozhedaeva (born in 1934), being a schoolgirl, at the age of 16 wrote memoirs about how at the age of 7 she found herself in the hellish chaos of the Great Patriotic War - in horror, hunger, the cold of the blockade of Leningrad. Her book "War, blockade, me and others ... Memoirs of a child of war" is about how for 900 days and nights the city and people, living and dead, against all odds resisted hunger.

20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.

1. The girl kept a diary and wrote down her impressions during the blockade days in Leningrad.

2. People were taken out of Leningrad along the Road of Life in cars, and they behaved differently.

5. The share of those who were in the rear during the war, especially in Leningrad and Stalingrad, suffered no less grief and trouble than a front-line soldier

21. Which of the following statements are true? Specify the answer numbers.

1. Sentences 1-5 include narration.

2. Proposition 30 is contrasted in content with Proposition 29.

3. Sentences 30-33 contain reasoning.

4. In sentence 42 contains the answer to the question posed in sentence 41.

5. Sentences 43-47 contain the narrative.

22. From sentences 12-17 write out the phraseological unit.

23. Among sentences 12-17, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using lexical repetition. Write the number(s) of this offer(s).

24. “The author of the text, a child of the siege of Leningrad during the Great Patriotic War, left his memories for posterity, for us, who live in well-fed peacetime. From the pages of Lyudmila Pozhedaeva's book, three heightened and naked feelings scream with loud pain - hunger, cold, fear. And they are repeatedly reinforced by such expressive means as (A) ____ (in sentences 16, 25), (B) ____ (in sentences 35-36), (C) _____ (sentences 32-33, 39-40). Despite the fact that the memoir was written by a sixteen-year-old girl, there are many tropes in the text, such as (D) ____ (“fear binds” in sentence 10, “thoughts fail” in sentence 14, “feeling has piled up” in sentence 25, “throw out the pain” in sentence 36)".

List of terms:

1) opposition

2) parceling

3) rhetorical exclamations

4) oxymoron

5) lexical repetition

6) gradation

7) metaphors

8) colloquial vocabulary

9) anaphora

25. Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text. Comment on the formulated problem. Include in the comment two illustration examples from the read text that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid over-quoting).

Explain why. Argue your opinion, relying primarily on the reader's experience, as well as on knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account). The volume of the essay is at least 150 words. A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated by zero points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Atmosphere- the gaseous shell of the planet. The Earth's atmosphere consists of a mixture of gases, water vapor and small particles of solid matter. The basis of the atmosphere, air, is a mixture of gases, primarily nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and carbon dioxide. The air shell of our planet is called the Greek word - Atmosphere, which can be translated as a shell of gas.

The total mass of the earth's atmosphere is approximately 5.15·10 15 tons. The upper boundary of the atmosphere lies at an altitude of about 1000 km above sea level; above is the so-called corona of the Earth, which extends for a distance of about 20,000 km and consists mainly of hydrogen and helium. The atmosphere has the smallest mass of all the other geospheres of our planet: it is approximately 1/1000 of the mass of the hydrosphere and about 1/10000 of the mass of the earth's crust.

According to experts, the air shell of the Earth consists of several main layers, these are the troposphere, tropopause, stratosphere, stratopause, mesosphere, mesopause, thermosphere and exosphere.

In total, the atmosphere has a thickness of 2,000 to 3,000 km. from the surface of our planet. The air envelope of the Earth has the following functions:

• - regulation of the Earth's climate;
• - absorption of solar radiation;
• - passes thermal radiation of the Sun;
• - retains heat;
• - is the medium of sound propagation;
• - source of oxygen respiration;
• - formation of moisture circulation associated with the formation of clouds and precipitation;
• - forming factor of the lithosphere (weathering).

The atmosphere is the gaseous shell of our planet that rotates with the Earth. The gas in the atmosphere is called air. The atmosphere is in contact with the hydrosphere and partially covers the lithosphere. But it is difficult to determine the upper bounds. Conventionally, it is assumed that the atmosphere extends upwards for about three thousand kilometers. There it flows smoothly into the airless space.

The chemical composition of the Earth's atmosphere

The formation of the chemical composition of the atmosphere began about four billion years ago. Initially, the atmosphere consisted only of light gases - helium and hydrogen. According to scientists, the initial prerequisites for the creation of a gas shell around the Earth were volcanic eruptions, which, together with lava, emitted a huge amount of gases. Subsequently, gas exchange began with water spaces, with living organisms, with the products of their activity. The composition of the air gradually changed and in its present form was fixed several million years ago.

The main components of the atmosphere are nitrogen (about 79%) and oxygen (20%). The remaining percentage (1%) is accounted for by the following gases: argon, neon, helium, methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, krypton, xenon, ozone, ammonia, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen, nitrous oxide and carbon monoxide, included in this one percent.

In addition, the air contains water vapor and particulate matter (plant pollen, dust, salt crystals, aerosol impurities).

Recently, scientists have noted not a qualitative, but a quantitative change in some air ingredients. And the reason for this is the person and his activity. Only in the last 100 years, the content of carbon dioxide has increased significantly! This is fraught with many problems, the most global of which is climate change.

Formation of weather and climate

The atmosphere plays a vital role in shaping the climate and weather on Earth. A lot depends on the amount of sunlight, on the nature of the underlying surface and atmospheric circulation.

Let's look at the factors in order.

1. The atmosphere transmits the heat of the sun's rays and absorbs harmful radiation. The ancient Greeks knew that the rays of the Sun fall on different parts of the Earth at different angles. The very word "climate" in translation from ancient Greek means "slope". So, at the equator, the sun's rays fall almost vertically, because it is very hot here. The closer to the poles, the greater the angle of inclination. And the temperature is dropping.

2. Due to the uneven heating of the Earth, air currents are formed in the atmosphere. They are classified according to their size. The smallest (tens and hundreds of meters) are local winds. This is followed by monsoons and trade winds, cyclones and anticyclones, planetary frontal zones.

All these air masses are constantly moving. Some of them are quite static. For example, the trade winds that blow from the subtropics towards the equator. The movement of others is largely dependent on atmospheric pressure.

3. Atmospheric pressure is another factor influencing climate formation. This is the air pressure on the earth's surface. As you know, air masses move from an area with high atmospheric pressure towards an area where this pressure is lower.

There are 7 zones in total. The equator is a low pressure zone. Further, on both sides of the equator up to the thirtieth latitudes - an area of ​​high pressure. From 30° to 60° - again low pressure. And from 60° to the poles - a zone of high pressure. Air masses circulate between these zones. Those that go from the sea to land bring rain and bad weather, and those that blow from the continents bring clear and dry weather. In places where air currents collide, atmospheric front zones are formed, which are characterized by precipitation and inclement, windy weather.

Scientists have proven that even a person's well-being depends on atmospheric pressure. According to international standards, normal atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. column at 0°C. This figure is calculated for those areas of land that are almost flush with sea level. The pressure decreases with altitude. Therefore, for example, for St. Petersburg 760 mm Hg. - is the norm. But for Moscow, which is located higher, the normal pressure is 748 mm Hg.

The pressure changes not only vertically, but also horizontally. This is especially felt during the passage of cyclones.

The structure of the atmosphere

The atmosphere is like a layer cake. And each layer has its own characteristics.

. Troposphere is the layer closest to the Earth. The "thickness" of this layer changes as you move away from the equator. Above the equator, the layer extends upwards for 16-18 km, in temperate zones - for 10-12 km, at the poles - for 8-10 km.

It is here that 80% of the total mass of air and 90% of water vapor are contained. Clouds form here, cyclones and anticyclones arise. The air temperature depends on the altitude of the area. On average, it drops by 0.65°C for every 100 meters.

. tropopause- transitional layer of the atmosphere. Its height is from several hundred meters to 1-2 km. The air temperature in summer is higher than in winter. So, for example, over the poles in winter -65 ° C. And over the equator at any time of the year it is -70 ° C.

. Stratosphere- this is a layer, the upper boundary of which runs at an altitude of 50-55 kilometers. Turbulence is low here, water vapor content in the air is negligible. But a lot of ozone. Its maximum concentration is at an altitude of 20-25 km. In the stratosphere, the air temperature begins to rise and reaches +0.8 ° C. This is due to the fact that the ozone layer interacts with ultraviolet radiation.

. Stratopause- a low intermediate layer between the stratosphere and the mesosphere following it.

. Mesosphere- the upper boundary of this layer is 80-85 kilometers. Here complex photochemical processes involving free radicals take place. It is they who provide that gentle blue glow of our planet, which is seen from space.

Most comets and meteorites burn up in the mesosphere.

. Mesopause- the next intermediate layer, the air temperature in which is at least -90 °.

. Thermosphere- the lower boundary begins at an altitude of 80 - 90 km, and the upper boundary of the layer passes approximately at the mark of 800 km. The air temperature is rising. It can vary from +500° C to +1000° C. During the day, temperature fluctuations amount to hundreds of degrees! But the air here is so rarefied that the understanding of the term "temperature" as we imagine it is not appropriate here.

. Ionosphere- unites mesosphere, mesopause and thermosphere. The air here consists mainly of oxygen and nitrogen molecules, as well as quasi-neutral plasma. The sun's rays, falling into the ionosphere, strongly ionize air molecules. In the lower layer (up to 90 km), the degree of ionization is low. The higher, the more ionization. So, at an altitude of 100-110 km, electrons are concentrated. This contributes to the reflection of short and medium radio waves.

The most important layer of the ionosphere is the upper one, which is located at an altitude of 150-400 km. Its peculiarity is that it reflects radio waves, and this contributes to the transmission of radio signals over long distances.

It is in the ionosphere that such a phenomenon as aurora occurs.

. Exosphere- consists of oxygen, helium and hydrogen atoms. The gas in this layer is very rarefied, and often hydrogen atoms escape into outer space. Therefore, this layer is called the "scattering zone".

The first scientist who suggested that our atmosphere has weight was the Italian E. Torricelli. Ostap Bender, for example, in the novel "The Golden Calf" lamented that each person was pressed by an air column weighing 14 kg! But the great strategist was a little mistaken. An adult person experiences pressure of 13-15 tons! But we do not feel this heaviness, because atmospheric pressure is balanced by the internal pressure of a person. The weight of our atmosphere is 5,300,000,000,000,000 tons. The figure is colossal, although it is only a millionth of the weight of our planet.

The atmosphere is the air shell of the Earth that surrounds it and rotates with it. According to the chemical composition, the atmosphere is a mixture of gases, consisting of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, as well as inert gases, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, which account for about 1% of the volume. In addition, the air contains a large amount of dust and various impurities generated by geochemical and biological processes on the Earth's surface.

The mass of the atmosphere is quite large and amounts to 5.15 10 18 kg. This means that each cubic meter of air around us weighs about 1 kg. The weight of the air pressing on us is called atmospheric pressure. The average atmospheric pressure on the Earth's surface is 1 atm, or 760 mmHg. This means that for every square centimeter of our body, a load of atmosphere weighing 1 kg is pressing. With height, the density and pressure of the atmosphere decrease rapidly.

There are areas in the atmosphere with stable minima and maxima of temperatures and pressures. So, in the region of Iceland and the Aleutian

The islands have such an area, which is the traditional birthplace of cyclones that determine the weather in Europe. And in Eastern Siberia, the area of ​​low pressure in summer is replaced by an area of ​​high pressure in winter. The heterogeneity of the atmosphere causes the movement of air masses - this is how winds appear.

The Earth's atmosphere has a layered structure, and the layers differ in physical and chemical properties. The most important of them are temperature and pressure, the change of which underlies the separation of atmospheric layers. Thus, the Earth's atmosphere is divided into: troposphere, stratosphere, ionosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere.

Troposphere- This is the lower layer of the atmosphere that determines the weather on our planet. Its thickness is 10-18 km. Pressure and temperature decrease with altitude, dropping to -55°C. The troposphere contains the main amount of water vapor, clouds form and all types of precipitation form.

The next layer of the atmosphere is stratosphere, stretching up to 50 km in height. The lower part of the stratosphere has a constant temperature, in the upper part there is an increase in temperature due to the absorption of solar radiation by ozone.

Ionosphere- this part of the atmosphere, which begins at a height of 50 km. The ionosphere consists of ions - electrically charged air particles. The ionization of air occurs under the influence of the Sun. The ionosphere has a high electrical conductivity and therefore reflects short radio waves, allowing long-distance communications.

From a height of 80 km begins mesosphere, the role of which is the absorption of solar ultraviolet radiation by ozone, water vapor and carbon dioxide.

At an altitude of 90 - 200-400 km is thermosphere. IN It is where the main processes of absorption and conversion of solar ultraviolet and X-ray radiation take place. At an altitude of more than 250 km, hurricane-force winds are constantly blowing, the cause of which is considered to be cosmic radiation.

The upper region of the atmosphere, extending from 450-800 km to 2000-3000 km, is called exosphere. It contains atomic oxygen, helium and hydrogen. Some of these particles are constantly escaping into outer space.

The result of self-regulating processes in the Earth's atmosphere is the climate of our planet. It is not the same as the weather, which can change every day. The weather is very changeable and depends on fluctuations of those interconnected processes as a result of which it is formed. These are temperature, winds, pressure, precipitation. Weather is mainly the result of the interaction of the atmosphere with land and oceans.

Climate is the state of the weather in a region over a long period of time. It is formed depending on the geographical latitude, height above sea level, air currents. Relief and soil type are less affected. There are a number of climatic zones of the world that have a set of similar characteristics related to seasonal temperatures, precipitation and wind strength:

humid tropical zone- average annual temperatures are more than 18°C, there is no cold weather, more precipitation falls than water evaporates;

dry zone- an area of ​​low rainfall. The dry climate can be hot, as in the tropics, or crisp, as in mainland Asia;

warm climate zone- average temperatures in the coldest time here do not fall below -3°C, and at least one month has an average temperature of more than 10°C. The transition from winter to summer is well pronounced;

cold northern taiga climate zone- in cold time, the average temperature drops below -3°C, but in warm time it is above 10°C;

polar climate zone- even in the warmest months, the average temperatures here are below 10°C, so these areas have cool summers and very cold winters;

mountain climate zone- areas that differ in climatic characteristics from the climatic zone in which they are located. The appearance of such zones is due to the fact that average temperatures fall with height and the amount of precipitation varies greatly.

The Earth's climate has a pronounced cyclicity. The most famous example of climate cyclicity is the glaciation that periodically occurred on Earth. Over the past two million years, our planet has experienced from 15 to 22 ice ages. This is evidenced by studies of sedimentary rocks accumulated at the bottom of oceans and lakes, as well as studies of ice samples from the depths of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets. So, in the last ice age, Canada and Scandinavia were covered by a giant glacier, and the North Scottish Highlands, the mountains of North Wales and the Alps had huge ice caps.

We are now living in a period of global warming. Since 1860, the average temperature of the Earth has risen by 0.5°C. Today, the increase in average temperatures is even faster. This threatens with the most serious climate changes on the entire planet and other consequences, which will be discussed in more detail in the chapter on environmental problems.

He is invisible, and yet we cannot live without him.

Each of us understands how much air is necessary for life. The expression "It is necessary as air" can be heard when talking about something very important for a person's life. Since childhood, we know that living and breathing are practically the same thing.

Do you know how long a person can live without air?

Not all people know how much air they inhale. It turns out that during the day, making about 20,000 breaths, a person passes 15 kg of air through the lungs, while he absorbs only about 1.5 kg of food, and 2-3 kg of water. At the same time, air is a matter of course for us, like the sunrise every morning. Unfortunately, we only feel it when there is not enough of it, or when it is polluted. We forget that all life on Earth, developing over millions of years, has adapted to life in an atmosphere of a certain natural composition.

Let's see what air is made of.

And let's conclude: Air is a mixture of gases. Oxygen in it is about 21% (approximately 1/5 by volume), nitrogen accounts for about 78%. The remaining mandatory components are inert gases (primarily argon), carbon dioxide, and other chemical compounds.

The study of the composition of air began in the 18th century, when chemists learned to collect gases and conduct experiments with them. If you are interested in the history of science, watch a short film about the history of the discovery of air.

The oxygen contained in the air is required for the respiration of living organisms. What is the essence of the breathing process? As you know, in the process of breathing, the body consumes oxygen from the air. Air oxygen is required for numerous chemical reactions that continuously occur in all cells, tissues and organs of living organisms. In the process of these reactions, with the participation of oxygen, those substances that come with food slowly “burn out” with the formation of carbon dioxide. At the same time, the energy contained in them is released. Due to this energy, the body exists, using it for all functions - the synthesis of substances, muscle contraction, the work of all organs, etc.

In nature, there are also some microorganisms that can use nitrogen in the process of life. Due to the carbon dioxide contained in the air, the process of photosynthesis takes place, the biosphere of the Earth as a whole lives.

As you know, the air shell of the Earth is called the atmosphere. The atmosphere extends for about 1000 km from the Earth - it is a kind of barrier between the Earth and space. According to the nature of temperature changes in the atmosphere, there are several layers:

Atmosphere is a kind of barrier between the Earth and space. It softens the effect of cosmic radiation and provides conditions on Earth for the development and existence of life. It is the atmosphere of the first of the earth's shells that meets the sun's rays and absorbs the hard ultraviolet radiation of the Sun, which has a detrimental effect on all living organisms.

Another "merit" of the atmosphere is related to the fact that it almost completely absorbs the Earth's own invisible thermal (infrared) radiation and returns most of it back. That is, the atmosphere, transparent in relation to the sun's rays, at the same time is an air "blanket" that does not allow the Earth to cool down. Thus, on our planet, the temperature that is optimal for the life of various living beings is maintained.

The composition of the modern atmosphere is unique, the only one in our planetary system.

The Earth's primary atmosphere consisted of methane, ammonia, and other gases. Along with the development of the planet, the atmosphere changed significantly. Living organisms played a leading role in the formation of the composition of atmospheric air, which arose and is maintained with their participation at the present time. You can see in more detail the history of the formation of the atmosphere on Earth.

Natural processes, both consumption and formation of atmospheric components, approximately balance each other, that is, provide a constant composition of the gases that make up the atmosphere.

Without human economic activity, nature copes with such phenomena as the entry into the atmosphere of volcanic gases, smoke from natural fires, dust from natural dust storms. These emissions dissipate in the atmosphere, settle or fall on the Earth's surface with precipitation. Soil microorganisms are taken for them, and in the end they are processed into carbon dioxide, sulfur and nitrogen compounds of the soil, that is, into the “ordinary” components of air and soil. This is the reason why atmospheric air has a constant composition on average. With the advent of man on Earth, at first gradually, then rapidly and now threateningly, the process of changing the gas composition of the air and destroying the natural stability of the atmosphere began.About 10,000 years ago people learned to use fire. Combustion products of various types of fuel have been added to natural sources of pollution. Initially, it was wood and other types of plant material.

At present, the most harmful to the atmosphere is caused by artificially produced fuel - petroleum products (gasoline, kerosene, solar oil, fuel oil) and synthetic fuel. When burned, they form nitrogen and sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, heavy metals and other toxic substances of non-natural origin (pollutants).

Considering the huge scale of the use of technology today, one can imagine how many engines of cars, aircraft, ships and other equipment every second the atmosphere was killed Aleksashina I.Yu., Kosmodamiansky A.V., Oreshchenko N.I. Natural science: A textbook for the 6th grade of educational institutions. - St. Petersburg: SpecLit, 2001. - 239 p. .

Why are trolleybuses and trams considered environmentally friendly modes of transport compared to buses?

Especially dangerous for all living things are those stable aerosol systems that form in the atmosphere along with acidic and many other gaseous industrial wastes. Europe is one of the most densely populated and industrialized parts of the world. A powerful transport system, large-scale industry, high consumption of fossil fuels and minerals lead to a noticeable increase in the concentrations of pollutants in the air. In almost all major European cities, there is smog Smog is an aerosol consisting of smoke, fog and dust, one of the types of air pollution in large cities and industrial centers. For more information see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog and an increased content in the air of such hazardous pollutants as nitrogen and sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, benzene, phenols, fine dust, etc. is regularly recorded.

There is no doubt that the increase in the content of harmful substances in the atmosphere is directly related to the growth of allergic and respiratory diseases, as well as a number of other diseases.

Serious measures are needed in connection with the increase in the number of cars in cities, the development of industry planned in a number of Russian cities, which will inevitably increase the amount of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere.

See how the problems of cleanliness of atmospheric air are being solved in the "green capital of Europe" - Stockholm.

A set of measures to improve air quality must necessarily include improving the environmental performance of cars; construction of a gas cleaning system at industrial enterprises; the use of natural gas, not coal, as a fuel in energy enterprises. Now in every developed country there is a service for monitoring the state of air purity in cities and industrial centers, which somewhat improved the current bad situation. Thus, in St. Petersburg there is an automated system for monitoring the atmospheric air of St. Petersburg (ASM). Thanks to it, not only state authorities and local self-government, but also city residents can learn about the state of atmospheric air.

The health of residents of St. Petersburg, a metropolis with a developed network of transport routes, is affected, first of all, by the main pollutants: carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, nitrogen dioxide, suspended solids (dust), sulfur dioxide, which enter the atmospheric air of the city from emissions from thermal power plants, industry, and from transport. Currently, the share of emissions from vehicles is 80% of the total emissions of major pollutants. (According to expert estimates, in more than 150 cities of Russia, the predominant influence on air pollution is exerted by motor vehicles).

How are things in your city? What do you think can and should be done to make the air in our cities cleaner?

The information about the level of atmospheric air pollution in the areas where ASM stations are located in St. Petersburg has been posted.

It must be said that in St. Petersburg there is a tendency to reduce emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, but the reasons for this phenomenon are mainly associated with a decrease in the number of operating enterprises. It is clear that from an economic point of view this is not the best way to reduce pollution.

Let's draw conclusions.

The air shell of the Earth - the atmosphere - is necessary for the existence of life. The gases that make up the air are involved in such important processes as respiration, photosynthesis. The atmosphere reflects and absorbs solar radiation and thus protects living organisms from harmful X-rays and ultraviolet rays. Carbon dioxide keeps the thermal radiation of the earth's surface. Earth's atmosphere is unique! Our health and life depend on it.

Man thoughtlessly accumulates waste products of his activities in the atmosphere, which causes serious environmental problems. We all need to not only be aware of our responsibility for the state of the atmosphere, but also, to the best of our ability, do what we can to preserve the purity of the air, the basis of our life.