Alternative chronology of history. Who finances the "new chronology" of Fomenko and Nosovsky

Appendix The new chronology of Fomenko-Nosovsky and the fight against it First of all - about the very term "New Chronology of Fomenko-Nosovsky". He may seem indiscreet. But the thing is the following. In 1995, in the title of the book “New Chronology and the Concept of the Ancient History of Rus', England

"Christ" historian N. M.Nikolsky .

A. T. Fomenko and G. V. Nosovsky first used the term in 1995 in the title of their book “New Chronology and the Concept of the Ancient History of Rus', England and Rome” (Moscow: Moscow State University, 1995) to refer to a modified version of the world chronology, built on the basis of the widespread use of supposedly modern methods of natural science. Later, it began to be applied to the works of earlier authors, whom Fomenko and Nosovsky refer to as their predecessors: Newton, Morozov and others.

In English-language literature, the term " New Chronology" (eng. " New Chronology") is more often applied to the works of the British Egyptologist David Rola (eng. David m. Rohl), who, in his now famous book "Checking the Time" (eng. "A Test of Time"), published in 1995, used it in relation to his proposed changes in the chronology of Ancient Egypt. He has been using this name in his articles since 1990 .

Early attempts to revise the chronology referred to by the authors of "HX"

The basic information about the early attempts to revise the chronology of the NK borrows from the works of N. A. Morozov, who, in turn, learned a lot from a German newspaper article. At the same time, many of the facts reported in this article, for example, about the Salamanca professor de Arcilla and the Pisan doctor Gragani, do not find confirmation.

An attempt to revise the chronology was made by Isaac Newton, who spent several decades on the mathematical analysis of ancient history. His ideas were summarized in The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended, which appeared in 1725 in French, and in 1728, after his death, in English.

Based on this idea as an obvious fact that does not need proof, Morozov tried to calculate the date of the event according to the alleged astronomical indications in the text and came to the conclusion that the text was written in 395 AD. e. , that is, 300 years later than its historical dating. For Morozov, however, this was not a sign of the error of his hypothesis, but of the existing chronology of historical events. Morozov, upon leaving prison, outlined his conclusions in the book Revelation in Thunderstorm and Storm (). Critics have pointed out that this dating contradicts the undeniable quotations and references to the "Apocalypse" in earlier Christian texts. Morozov objected to this that, since the dating of the "Apocalypse" was proved astronomically, then in this case we are dealing either with forgeries or incorrect dating of contradictory texts that could not have been written earlier than the 5th century. At the same time, he firmly believed that his dating was based on accurate astronomical data; critics' indications that these "astronomical data" were arbitrary interpretations of a metaphorical text were ignored by him.

Formation of the "New Chronology" by A. T. Fomenko

M. M. Postnikov and the revival of Morozov's ideas

The work of the Fomenko group

Fomenko actively joined the work of the group formed around Postnikov, which was supposed to confirm Morozov's theory, and soon headed this group.

To the displeasure of Postnikov, Fomenko and Mishchenko were subjected to a serious revision of Morozov's ideas. Fomenko agreed with Morozov that the existing chronology is incorrect, but disagreed with him in assessing which chronology is correct. Postnikov, in turn, considered it impossible to reconstruct history without the help of professional historians.

Relations with party leadership

However, soon Fomenko and his group resumed publishing articles on their theories. After the appearance in Questions of History (No. 12, 1983) of a new devastating article written by Golubtsova in collaboration with physicist Yu. A. Zavenyagin, Fomenko, in turn, complains to the Central Committee, attaching an article refuting the astronomical conclusions of the authors. The result was a discussion with Zavenyagin in one of the offices of the Central Committee, where Fomenko put forward his patriotic intentions as the last argument: “I am Soviet, I am Russian! I want the history of my country to be as ancient as ancient Rome!”

"New chronology" in the era of perestroika

Perestroika freed the supporters of the New Chronology from the problems of censorship. But the topic of ancient history in that era was irrelevant among the broad masses, and Fomenko continued to publish in small circulation. Later, in 1993, at the expense of the author, the Moscow State University publishing house published his first monographs on the "New Chronology": "Methods of statistical analysis of narrative texts and applications to chronology (recognition and dating of dependent texts, statistical ancient chronology, statistics of ancient astronomical observations)" and Global Chronology. Research on the history of the ancient world and the Middle Ages. In the appendix to the second Nosovsky, a new dating of the Orthodox Paschalia and the Council of Nicaea is given. In 1993, publishers in the United States and Holland published three books outlining Fomenko's theory, with a total volume of about 1000 pages.

The transformation of the "New Chronology" into a phenomenon of mass culture

In discussions in the press and on the Internet, supporters and opponents of the "New Chronology" repeatedly accused each other of forgery, exaggeration, distortion of facts, personal revenge and political motives; in addition, professionals accused Fomenko and Nosovsky of dilettantism and incompetence. Later, the intensity of discussions decreased, since the authors of the New Chronology withdrew from direct discussions in the scientific press, turning to the general public in commercial publications. To date, the total number of books by A. T. Fomenko and his group is about 90. Reports and individual articles by critics of the "New Chronology" are collected in 7 collections of "Antifomenko" by the Russkaya Panorama publishing house and other collections.

In 2004, Anatoly Fomenko, in collaboration with Gleb Nosovsky, for books from the New Chronology series, was awarded the Antiprize  "Paragraph" in the nomination "Honorary Illiteracy" - for "particularly cynical crimes against Russian literature".

Notes

1. Condemnation of the works of A. Fomenko at the meeting of the Bureau of the Department of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1998
2. Problems fight with pseudoscience  (discussion in Presidium RAN) // 1999, volume 69, no. 10, p. 879-904
   • Commission for Combating Pseudoscience and Falsification of Scientific Research under the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences [responsible ed. Kruglyakov E.P.] In defense of science. - M.: Nauka, 2007. - T. 2. - S. 102-111. - 208 p. - ISBN 978-5-02-036182-9.
   • How does pseudoscience threaten society? (meeting Presidium RAN) 2003
   • Kruglyakov E. P. Witch hunt // "Spark", 2003
   • Efremov Yu. N., Zavenyagin Yu.A."On the so-called" "New" chronology "by A. T. Fomenko" // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences 1999, volume 69, no. 12, p. 1081-1092
   • Aleksandrov E. B. Problems Expansion Pseudoscience
   • Yanin V. L. In Novgorod, democracy was devoured by oligarchs
   • Zalizniak A. A."Linguistics" by A. T. Fomenko
   • Novikov S. P.“Pseudo-history and pseudo-mathematics: fantasy in our life” // UMN, 2000.
3. Nikolsky N. M. Astronomical revolution in historical science. Regarding the book by N. A. Morozov "Christ", L., 1924. // "New World", 1925, No. 1, p. 156-175; republished together with Morozov's answer: Morozov N. A. A new look at the history of the Russian state. (Volume 8 of the work "Christ"). - M.: Kraft + Lean, 2000. - 888 p. ISBN 5-85929-087-X. With. 687-709
4. Nosovsky G. V., Fomenko A. T."New chronology of Rus', England and Rome"
5. Rohl D. A Test of Time: The Bible - from Myth to History. - London: Century, 1995.

NEW CHRONOLOGY Fomenko-Nosovsky

NEW CHRONOLOGY of Fomenko-Nosovsky (abbr. NX), a chronology of historical events of antiquity and the Middle Ages, built in 1973-2006 by Russian mathematicians Academician A. T. Fomenko (cm. FOMENKO Anatoly Timofeevich) and G. V. Nosovsky (cm. NOSOVSKY Gleb Vladimirovich)(who joined Fomenko's research in 1981) using natural science dating methods.
NH does not rely on the generally accepted "historical" chronology of Scaliger (cm. SCALIGER Joseph Just)-Petavius (cm. PETAVIUS), created in the 16-17 centuries, and differs significantly from the latter. The difference in dates between NC and the chronology of Scaliger-Petavius ​​disappears after the 15th century AD, however, in terms of historical reconstructions, NC also differs significantly from Scaliger's version until the 17th century, and in some cases even later. According to NC, the history of mankind known from written sources was much shorter than is commonly believed in Scaliger's chronology. So, for example, the most ancient events, about which written evidence has been preserved, refer, in accordance with the NC, to the 9th-11th centuries A.D., the Nativity of Christ - to 1151 or 1152 A.D., the Trojan War, it is also the Crusades campaigns - by the end of the 12th - beginning of the 13th century AD, the adoption of apostolic Christianity in the Empire - by the second half of the 14th century.
In accordance with the alleged reconstruction of history proposed by Fomenko and Nosovsky, the era of the Ancient and Medieval world was the era of governing the entire civilized world from a single center - the capital of the Great Medieval Empire. The capital of the Empire moved from south to north over time: in the 9th-10th centuries AD. it was supposedly located in African Egypt and owned only the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, in the 12-13 centuries - in Tsargrad on the Bosphorus, in the 14-16 centuries - in Vladimir-Suzdal Rus'. At the end of its existence, in the 16th century, the Great Empire already covered not only North Africa and Eurasia, but also America. On the ruins of the Empire in the 17th century, all the later independent states of the East and West were formed. At the same time, the era of the Ancient World (aka “ancient”) lasted from the 12th to the middle of the 14th century and was the time of the domination of “royal”, tribal Christianity, which was very different from the now familiar apostolic Christianity. In the second half of the 14th century, apostolic Christianity conquered the tribal one and declared it "paganism". This event is known as the adoption of Christianity in the Empire under Constantine the Great, aka Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy (cm. DMITRY Donskoy). Then begins the Christian Middle Ages, which lasts about 200 years - until the beginning of the 17th century. Then comes the New Age.
History of the development of the New Chronology
De Arcilla - 16th century, professor at the University of Salamanca. Information about his research on chronology is very vague. It is known that in his works de Arcilla argued that all ancient history was composed in the Middle Ages.
Isaac Newton (cm. NEWTON Isaac)(1643-1727) - great English scientist, mathematician, physicist. He devoted many years of his life to studying chronology. He published a great work, The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms amended. To which is Prefix "d, A Short Chronicle from the First Memory of Things in Europe, to the Conquest of Persia by Alexander the Great".
Jean Hardouin (1646-1729) - a prominent French scientist, author of numerous works on philology, theology, history, archeology, numismatics. Director of the French Royal Library. The author of several books on chronology, where he sharply criticized the whole building of Scaligerian history. In his opinion, most of the "monuments of antiquity" were made much later or are fakes.
Peter Nikiforovich Krekshin (1684-1763) - personal secretary of Peter I, in his book criticized the version of Roman history accepted today.
Robert Baldauf - German philologist of the second half of the 19th century - early 20th century, Privatdozent at the University of Basel. Author of the book "History and Criticism" (4 volumes). On the basis of philological considerations, I concluded that the monuments of "ancient" literature are of late origin (created in the Middle Ages).
Edwin Johnson (1842-1901) - English historian of the 19th century, subjected the Scaligerian chronology to serious criticism, arguing that it should be significantly shortened.
Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov (cm. MOROZOV Nikolai Alexandrovich)(1854-1946) - an outstanding Russian scientist-encyclopedist. Made a breakthrough in research on chronology. He subjected the Scaligerian version of chronology and history to extensive criticism. He proposed the ideas of several new natural-scientific methods for analyzing chronology. In fact, he was the first to turn chronology into a science.
Wilhelm Kammeier (late 19th century - 1959) - German scientist, lawyer. Developed a method for determining the authenticity of old official documents. I discovered that almost all ancient and early medieval Western European documents are in fact later forgeries or copies. He concluded that ancient and medieval history was fake. Wrote several papers on this subject.
Immanuel Velikovsky (1895-1979) - psychoanalyst doctor (born in Russia). Lived and worked in Russia, England, Palestine, Germany, USA. Wrote a number of books on ancient history, where he noted some contradictions and oddities. He made an attempt to explain them with the help of the "theory of catastrophism". In the West, he is considered the founder of the critical school in chronology, although, in fact, he is not a predecessor of NC, since he tried to protect Scaliger's chronology from too radical changes.
The second stage is associated with the name of N. A. Morozov, who for the first time clearly formulated the idea that the Scaligerian chronology needs a radical restructuring not only in relation to ancient times, but up to the 6th century AD. Morozov developed a number of new natural scientific methods for the analysis of chronology and provided evidence in favor of his ideas. In the period 1907-1932 he published his main books on the criticism of the history of antiquity. However, he mistakenly believed that the chronology after the 6th century AD. more or less true and thus stopped before reaching its logical end.
The third stage (1945-1973) is the period when historical science consigns to oblivion the chronological studies of Morozov and his predecessors. In Russia, the discussion about chronology stops, in the West it closes within the framework of Velikovsky's hypothesis of "catastrophism".
The fourth stage (1973-1980) is associated with the name of Fomenko. At this stage, the main attention was paid to the creation of new mathematical and statistical methods for the analysis of historical texts. In 1975-1979, Fomenko proposed several such new methods and, with their help, revealed a global picture of chronological redistributions in Scaliger's version. In particular, he discovered three major shifts in the chronological version of Scaliger - approximately 333 years, 1053 years and 1800 years. In the period 1973-1980, Fomenko's first scientific publications on the new chronology appeared in special mathematical journals.
The fifth stage (1981-2000) is associated with the completion of the overall development of the NX and the historical reconstruction based on it. The results were published in a series of books on the New Fomenko-Nosovsky Chronology in Russian, English and some other languages. (see chronologia.org).
Methods of the New Chronology
The independent natural-scientific dating methods used in NC fall into three main groups.
The first group is mathematical and statistical methods for processing formalized dating information extracted from written historical sources. Based on empirical-statistical models calibrated according to reliable historical material, they make it possible to divide historical epochs into dependent and independent pairs, which ultimately makes it possible to restore the correct chronological order of chronicle fragments. This group of methods has a wide range of applications, is resistant to distortions and is almost insensitive to local changes in sources, since it relies only on their global characteristics that are beyond the control of scribes or chroniclers. However, mathematical and statistical methods do not allow obtaining exact absolute dates, they only give a system of relative dating.
The second group is astronomical and calendar-astronomical methods, which have a much narrower scope than mathematical-statistical methods, since they require a source containing a sufficient amount of reliable astronomical information. However, these methods lead to accurate absolute dating.
The combination of relative dates obtained by mathematical-statistical methods and absolute astronomical dates underlies NX.
The third group is physical methods of independent dating (radiocarbon and other physical methods). In principle, they can be used in NC, but they require preliminary refinement and calibration. As part of research on NC, an analysis was made of the accuracy and applicability of radiocarbon and other physical dating methods. It is shown that the results obtained using the now generally accepted method of applying the radiocarbon method for dating archaeological samples cannot be considered reliable (see also the site chronologia.org).
The first group includes the following methods:
The method of local maxima (Fomenko), based on the analysis of the volumes of chronological segments of chronicles. The idea of ​​using volumes for the purposes of chronology belongs to Fomenko, he also owns the formulation of the model and the development of the corresponding empirical-statistical method.
The method of numerical dynasties (Fomenko), based on the analysis of the duration of reigns in dynasties. The idea of ​​using this information for the purposes of chronology belongs to Morozov, who used it, however, only on an intuitive level. The mathematical model and the corresponding empirical-statistical method were developed by Fomenko and applied by him to extensive historical material. As a result, a number of pairs of dynasties duplicating each other were identified, which were previously considered completely different and even belonging to eras distant from each other.
The method of ordering historical texts in time (Fomenko), based on the formulated and experimentally verified principle of attenuation of the frequencies of references to full proper names in historical chronicles without duplicates and the principle of duplication of these frequencies in historical chronicles with duplicates. With the help of this method, Fomenko studied, in particular, the chronology of historical events described in the Bible. Both previously known repetitions of historical descriptions in it, as well as new, previously unknown duplicates, were discovered. The general picture of repetitions in the Bible is revealed.
Histogram method (cm. BAR CHART) frequency separation of related names (Fomenko, Nosovsky) is based on the analysis of indirect dependencies in the distribution of annalistic names. This method is applicable to both full proper names and simple (incomplete) names. The use of simple proper names makes it possible to expand the amount of information involved and improve the accuracy of statistical inferences. This method allows you to identify duplicates in the chronicles and calculate the time shifts between them. The method is especially useful in cases where there are many duplicates, and the overall picture of "repetitions in the annals" is rather confusing. This method, applied by Fomenko and Nosovsky to biblical and European history, made it possible to identify systems of chronological shifts in its individual parts.
The method of connection matrices (Fomenko, Nosovsky), which makes it possible to study dynastic lists of names in order to find duplicates in them, as well as the junctions of the chronicles from which this dynastic history was composed. Like the previous one, this method is based on indirect dependencies in the distribution of names, but unlike it, it is aimed not at calculating typical shifts between duplicates, but at finding specific segments that duplicate each other and identifying statistically homogeneous fragments. The method applied to the dynastic lists of the Ancient and Medieval world, covering the history of Europe, Asia, North Africa, and China, made it possible to discover systems of duplicates in these lists and to find the places of "seams" between their heterogeneous parts.
The questionnaire-code method (Fomenko), based on comparing two streams of biographies of rulers in order to detect statistically significant repetitions in them. The method turned out to be effective in identifying within the vast chronicle those parts of it that are different versions of the same shorter chronicle.
The method of correct chronological ordering of geographical maps (Fomenko), based on the development of a special questionnaire for a geographical map, reflecting its main features. A method was developed for comparing old maps by the number of features that correspond to geographic reality or contradict it. Using this method, it is often possible to establish which geographic maps were created earlier and which later.
The second group includes astronomical methods:
The method of unbiased dating of ancient lunar and solar eclipses (Morozov, Fomenko) was first proposed by Morozov, subsequently developed and systematically applied by Fomenko. The idea of ​​the method is that the data on eclipses contained in the original source are taken "as is" without adjustments to Scaliger's chronology. Then, the time distribution of the obtained astronomical datings is analyzed. If this distribution reveals a pronounced thickening in a certain period of time, then it is concluded that this period is the correct dating of the “antiquity” era. For example: the triad of eclipses described in Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian Wars (cm. FUKIDID)(5th century BC according to Scaliger's chronology). The unbiased dating of the triad gives only two solutions: either the 11th century A.D. (1039, 1046, 1057); or 12th century AD (1133, 1140, 1151).
Method for checking global chronology by the second derivative of lunar elongation (cm. ELONGATION) D"" (Fomenko), based on the idea of ​​the American astronomer Robert Newton, that using the dating of ancient and medieval eclipses, it is possible to determine the dependence of the parameter D"" on time. According to modern astrophysical theory, this parameter remains approximately constant over the centuries. Therefore, if the value of D"" calculated from the dating of ancient eclipses turns out to be significantly changing in time, then the totality of these datings is incorrect. The method allows us to conclude that the dates of eclipses in Scaliger's chronology are incorrect. On the contrary, the dates of eclipses proposed in NC stand up to the test by this method.
Horoscope of the Apocalypse (Morozov, Fomenko, Nosovsky). The merit of discovering the astronomical subtext in the biblical Apocalypse and deciphering the corresponding horoscope (location of the planets according to constellations) belongs to Morozov. However, scientists were offered an insufficiently substantiated date for the horoscope he discovered (allegedly the 4th century AD). A thorough study carried out by Fomenko and Nosovsky showed that the horoscope of the Apocalypse, and consequently the Apocalypse itself, dates back to 1486 AD.
Dating of the Almagest star catalog (cm. PTOLEMEY Claudius)(V.V. Kalashnikov, Nosovsky, Fomenko). A method of statistical and geometric analysis of ancient star catalogs and their dating based on the proper motions of stars. The velocities of the proper motion of stars were reliably measured only in the 19th and 20th centuries, so this method is a fully independent method for the absolute dating of star catalogs published before the beginning of the 19th century. The method, developed in 1991-1993, was applied to a number of ancient catalogs with known "historical" dates: the ancient Ptolemaic catalog from the Almagest, the Sufi catalog (cm. SUFI Abdarrahman), Ulugbek's catalog (cm. ULUGBEK), Tycho Brahe catalog (cm. BRAGE Quiet). The dates of the catalogs of Ulugbek (15th century) and Tycho Brahe (16th century) have been confirmed. The dating of the Almagest catalog differed significantly from the Scaligerian chronology, where it is dated to the 1st century AD. Namely, the most ancient part of the Almagest catalog, containing the basic stars for the entire catalog, was compiled from observations made in the interval from 600 AD. before 1300 AD The Sufi catalog turned out to be nothing more than a variant of the Ptolemaic catalog, brought to a different era by precession (cm. PRECESSION) longitude The result obtained proves the erroneousness of the Scaliger-Petavius ​​chronology as a whole, since the interpretation of the calendar-astronomical information of the Almagest based on incorrect dating is one of the cornerstones of the Scaligerian chronology.
The method of dating the ancient Egyptian zodiacs (Fomenko, Nosovsky). The Egyptian zodiacs have attracted the close attention of researchers for about 200 years, starting from the time of the Napoleonic invasion of Egypt in 1799. They tried to decipher them in various ways, but satisfactory astronomical datings belonging to the Scaligerian era of Ancient Egypt were not obtained. In the early 20th century, Morozov showed that a number of Egyptian zodiacs could be deciphered leading to medieval dates. However, Morozov, like his predecessors, deciphered the zodiacs only partially, discarding a significant number of "superfluous symbols", which, in his opinion, had nothing to do with the astronomical content of the zodiac. This approach turned out to be wrong. In 2002, Fomenko and Nosovsky for the first time received a complete decoding of the Egyptian zodiacs, including all the symbols present on them. At the same time, it turned out that the date on the zodiac was recorded using several horoscopes at once (locations of the planets in constellations), one of which was complete (i.e. included all the planets of antiquity) and corresponded to this date, while others were partial, including themselves only circumsolar planets on the days of the equinoxes and solstices of the calendar year to which the main date belonged. The discovery of private horoscopes made it possible to calculate the decoding of the zodiac and prove it thanks to the redundant information contained in private horoscopes. So, for example, the dates of the famous Dendera zodiacs were finally calculated (cm. DENDERA)(Round zodiac - 1185 AD, Long zodiac - 1168 AD) and zodiacs from Esna (Great Esna zodiac - 1394 AD, Small Esna zodiac - 1404 AD).
In 2003, Fomenko and Nosovsky also deciphered the Egyptian zodiacs of the "Theban type", which were considered "very ancient", indecipherable. These include, in particular, all the funerary zodiacs of the pharaohs from the Valley of the Kings that have survived to our time: Seti I (969 AD), Ramses IV (1146 AD or 1325 AD), Ramses VI (1289 AD .e or 1586 AD), Ramesses VII (1182 AD), Ramesses IX (1148 AD). The deciphering of the Egyptian zodiacs made it possible to more fully understand the symbolism of the ancient European zodiacs, some of which were deciphered and dated by Fomenko and Nosovsky in 2003-2006.
The main provisions of the alleged historical reconstruction based on the New Chronology
According to NC, the written history of mankind emerges from obscurity and becomes partially known to us only starting from the 10th century. All the ancient documents that have come down to our time, including those classified today as "antiquity", actually describe the events of the era of the 10th-17th centuries. Many of them are forcibly sent to the distant past with incorrect chronology. It is important to understand that the vast majority of old documents have come down to us in the late edition of the 17th and 18th centuries.
The era of the 10th and 11th centuries is exceptionally dark, on which very few surviving documents shed light. The reconstruction of the events of the 10th and 11th centuries is still far from complete.
Apparently, in the era of the 10th-11th centuries, the Ancient Roman Empire, the cradle of the future Great Medieval Empire, arose in the Mediterranean. The first capital of Romea was probably the city of Cairo (Babylon) in Egypt. By the beginning of the 12th century, the capital had already moved north, to the Bosporus, where Constantinople arose, also known as the Gospel Jerusalem and ancient Troy. The Roman Kingdom of the 12th century included various lands (themes (cm. FEMA)) with local self-government. One of them, probably the largest, was Rus'.
In the middle of the 12th century, in 1152, Jesus Christ is born (cm. JESUS ​​CHRIST). In secular Byzantine history, he was reflected as Emperor Andronicus, in Russian history - as the Grand Duke Andrei Bogolyubsky, and also - as the Apostle Andrew the First-Called. Mother of God Mary, mother of Andronicus-Christ, was, most likely, a native of Rus'. His father (Gospel Joseph) belonged to the royal family, ruling in Constantinople. The family of Andronicus-Christ spent a lot of time in Rus', where they fled, fleeing persecution in Constantinople. This event is described in the Gospels as the flight of the Holy Family to Egypt from King Herod. In the Bible, the word "Egypt" is often referred to as Rus'.
Returning to Constantinople and becoming king there in 1183, Andronicus-Christ severely suppressed bribery and tried to make life easier for the common people, which led to the rapid development of trade and agriculture, but aroused the hatred of a certain part of the nobility. In 1185 a rebellion broke out in Tsargrad. King Andronicus-Christ was captured, tortured and crucified on Mount Beikos (Gospel Golgotha), located on the Asian shore of the Bosphorus, near Constantinople (Jerusalem). Here, to this day, a huge symbolic “grave of St. Jesus (Yusha)” has been preserved - a piece of land surrounded by bars, approximately 3x17 meters in size, where Christ was crucified in 1185.
After the execution of Christ in 1185, a new dynasty of Angels came to power, belonging to the same vast royal family as Andronicus-Christ himself (in the Gospels, representatives of this family are called "Jews"). Today it is believed that "Angels" in this case is a generic name. However, most likely, at the time of Andronicus-Christ, the word "angels" meant royal officials in general. Hence the angels, "ranks of the angels" - the servants of God. After Hadronikos-Christ, "rebellious angels" came to power. Perhaps this is where the well-known story of the Holy Scriptures about Satan, an evil angel who rebelled against God and wanted to become God himself, comes from.
The execution of Christ caused an outburst of indignation both in the capital itself and in the regions of the Roman Empire, especially in Rus', the birthplace of Mary the Mother of God. At the end of the 12th century, at the call of the Apostle Paul, a crusade began against Constantinople in order to avenge the execution of Christ. Rus' becomes the head of the campaign. A bloody war breaks out, then reproduced in the Scaligerian version under several names, in particular, as the famous "ancient" Trojan War (cm. TROJAN WAR) allegedly 13th century BC For example, the famous hero of the Trojan War, Achilles, is known in Russian chronicles as Grand Duke Svyatoslav Igorevich. Tsargrad (Troy) was taken in 1204, plundered and burned.
After the fall of Constantinople, at the beginning of the 13th century AD, a long turmoil ensued in the Roman kingdom. The regions separated from the capital and became independent. Internecine strife erupted. One of the representatives of the royal family, Aeneas-John, a relative and disciple of Andronicus-Christ, left the defeated capital of the kingdom and went with his companions to Rus', where his ancestors were from. The journey of Aeneas-John is described, in particular, by the "ancient" Virgil (cm. VERGIL (poet) in his famous poem, the Aeneid.
Arriving in Rus', Tsar Aeneas-John discovered here a powerful and rich country, which, however, was fragmented into separate principalities ruled by rival princes-khans. Being a descendant of an old and respected royal family, after a long armed struggle, Tsar Aeneas-John takes power into his own hands, unites the Russian lands under a single administration in the city of Yaroslavl on the Volga and establishes a new dynasty in Rus'. This was the famous "calling of the Varangians to Rus'" and the foundation of Rurik (cm. RURIK (prince) Veliky Novgorod (i.e. Yaroslavl). In Latin literature, these and subsequent events were reflected as the foundation of Rome by Romulus. (cm. ROMULUS) and Rem (cm. REM (in Rome)), descendants of Aeneas. Thus, the "ancient" Imperial Rome arose in Rus' in the Mesopotamia of the Oka and Volga in the 13th century AD.
By the end of the 13th century in Rus' (in "ancient Rome") the most modern and numerous army of that time was created - the horde, based on the vast natural wealth and resources of the country. Its backbone was cavalry troops - Cossacks. At the end of the 13th - beginning of the 14th century, under the tsars-khans of the Great Russian Empire, George of Moscow and his brother Ivan Kalita (cm. IVAN I Kalita) The Great Conquest was launched with the aim of restoring the Ancient Roman Empire. But in fact, a new, much more extensive Empire was created, which spread its power not only along the waterways (like Ancient Romea), but also overland. For the first time, the vast inland spaces of Asia and Europe, which lie far from the waterways, were mastered and annexed to the Empire.
In the latest version of Russian history, created after the collapse of the Great Russian Empire, the era of the 12th-15th centuries was deliberately presented in a distorted light, as the supposedly “Tatar-Mongol yoke” in Rus'. According to the reconstruction of Fomenko-Nosovsky, the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" was a special, Horde era in the history of Rus', when the entire population of the country was divided into two parts - the civilian population, ruled by princes, and the permanent, non-disbanded army, the horde. At the head of the horde was the king or khan, who held the supreme power in the Empire. Thus, in the Russian state of that time, two branches of power acted hand in hand: the military in the horde and the civil one in the field. At the same time, Rus' (civilian population) paid tribute to the horde (troops) with property - tithe and tribute of blood - every tenth male child. But it was not a tribute to the conquerors, as historians believe, It was a tax on the maintenance of their own troops - the horde and the military recruitment into it. For refusal to pay tribute, the military authorities punished the population with punitive campaigns in the offending region. These were supposedly "Tatar raids on Russian regions." The remnants of the old Russian horde were subsequently Cossack troops.
Thus, in the 14th century, a huge Great = “Mongolian” empire arose with its center in Rus'. She is the "ancient" Roman Empire. At that time, it covered almost all of Eurasia and a significant part of Africa, including South. Including African Egypt, the Nile Valley, where the ancestral royal cemetery of the Empire has long been located. The choice of location, among other things, was also due to the unique conditions of Egypt. The dry and hot climate contributed to the good preservation of the remains. It was here, after death, that the Horde kings-khans, their relatives, courtiers, governors, etc. were taken in embalmed form on the Horde ships-plows across the Mediterranean Sea - the “ancient river Styx”. Embalming itself was invented specifically in order to preserve the bodies of the dead during a long journey from places far from African Egypt. It was not necessary to embalm people who died in Egypt, since mummification occurs naturally in the hot sands of Egypt.
In the 14-15 centuries, in all the numerous regions of the Empire (including those far removed from Rus'-Horde), governors ruled, subordinate to the supreme Horde tsar-khan. Western European chronicles call the Russian tsar simply the emperor, considering him the only one in the world. In this they are right. The Russian-Horde dynasty of tsars-khans was reflected on the pages of Western European chronicles as "the imperial dynasty of the Habsburgs (cm. HABSBURG)» Epochs of the 14th-15th centuries. The attitude towards Rus'-Horde and its tsars-khans in the provinces of the Empire, being extremely respectful, often reached deification. In some places far from the capital, various legends and myths arose about powerful and omnipresent gods feasting on the distant and inaccessible Olympus.
There were probably no nations and nationalities contemporary to us in that distant era. They formed, most likely, only in the 17th-18th centuries, after the split of the Empire. During its existence, the Empire created several "sacred" languages, intended both for the recording of Holy Scripture and for state records management. Initially, these were Egyptian hieroglyphs, then Arabic, and then medieval Greek and Church Slavonic. "Ancient" Latin and "ancient" Greek were created later, in the era of the collapse of the Empire, based mainly on the Church Slavonic language. The spoken languages ​​in Rus' were Russian (that is, simplified Church Slavonic) and Turkic (Tatar) languages.
The creed of the Empire in the 13th-14th centuries was “royal” (“ancestral”) Christianity. In the 12th century, two main branches of Christianity went from Andronicus-Christ. The first direction is apostolic Christianity, preached by the disciples of Christ. His supporters deified Christ himself, but by no means his relatives, subsequent emperors. The second direction is tribal Christianity, which arose in the royal family of Christ after his crucifixion. Tribal Christianity largely inherited the spirit of former family religions, when people worshiped the gods of their own kind, their own relatives. The "royal" Christians demanded that subsequent emperors, by right of Christ's relatives, should also be counted among the gods and appropriate honors would be given to them. This demand provoked strong opposition from the apostolic Christians. Relations between the two branches of Christianity, initially benevolent, began to deteriorate and turned into openly hostile. In the 14th century, probably already after the victory of the Great Conquest, cruel persecution of apostolic Christians by emperors began. However, by this time, apostolic Christianity already represented a significant force, had its own hierarchy, numerous churches and monasteries, in which, in particular, almost all Scientific research that time. Apostolic Christianity, which for a long time remained submissive to authority despite dogmatic disagreements, eventually began to fight against it.
In 1380 in the grand battle of Kulikovo (cm. KULIKOVSKAYA BATTLE) Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy, aka Roman Emperor Constantine the Great, relying on the apostolic Christians, defeated Khan Mamai (aka Ivan Velyaminov of the Russian Chronicles, aka Emperor Maxentius). The victory was ensured by a new weapon invented in the apostolic monasteries in Rus'. Namely, gunpowder and cannons were invented. The first cannons were probably wooden and made from oak trunks. The inventor of cannons is, most likely, St. Sergius of Radonezh (cm. Sergius of Radonezh). The discovery of a new, unheard-of weapon was skillfully used by the apostolic Christians in their struggle against the "heretic" emperors. At a critical moment, just before the Battle of Kulikovo, the cannons were placed at the disposal of Dmitry Donskoy, who came out in support of apostolic Christianity. Opponents of Dmitry, supporters of "royal" Christianity united under the banner of Khan Mamai (Ivan Venyaminov, Maxentius of the Roman Chronicles). They had the main military forces of the Empire on their side and they had not the slightest doubt about their victory. Dmitry (Constantine the Great) could only rely on the militia. But he had firearms - cannons, which the enemy did not know about. It was the cannons - "Christian weapons" - that decided the outcome of the Battle of Kulikovo. Probably, they did not even so much defeat the manpower as terrified the enemy. Dmitry's victory was perceived by his contemporaries as a miracle. Having won the Battle of Kulikovo, Emperor Dmitry Donskoy (Constantine the Great) made Apostolic Christianity the state religion of the entire Great Empire.
The Battle of Kulikovo did not take place in the vicinity of Tula, as historians think, but on the site of modern Moscow. In 1380 Moscow was still a small settlement. Kulikovo field was located near the Moscow River, between the Yauza and Neglinka, near the modern Slavyanskaya Square. Due to its great significance, the Battle of Kulikovo was reflected in the pages of numerous chronicles, including those declared today as "ancient". For example, in the "History of Rome" by Titus Livius (cm. LIVIUS Titus), in the Old Testament (in particular, as a duel between David and Goliath), in the "ancient" Aryan epic of India (as a battle on the Kuru field), in Western European chronicles, etc.
At the end of the 14th century, Dmitry Donskoy (Constantine the Great) moved the capital of the Empire from Rus' to the Bosphorus, closer to the site of ancient Constantinople (Jerusalem), where Christ was crucified. However, he did not leave the ancient Tsargrad as the capital, but built a new city - Constantinople at the other end of the Bosporus, about 30-40 km from the ancient capital of Romea. The royal court and many people arrived in Constantinople from Rus'. This event in the Scaligerian version is known as the transfer of the capital from "Old Rome" to "New Rome" by Constantine the Great. However, after the death of Dmitry-Konstantin, Rus' refused to submit to Constantinople, and their tsars-khans established themselves there. For some time, two dynastic branches arose - in Rus' and in Constantinople.
In this era, the Empire faced a new, never before seen mortal danger. In the 14-15 centuries, after the Great Conquest, a network of caravan routes was created, covering the vast expanses of Eurasia. This led to an unexpected and very serious test for the state. Infectious diseases have become much wider than before. If earlier epidemics, flaring up in one place or another, faded away in it, now diseases quickly spread along established caravan routes. Mass epidemics began in the Empire, the primary foci of which were in the southern regions. Vaccinations, vaccines have not yet been created. In order to stop the catastrophic spread of diseases, the Horde authorities in Rus' sent troops to the south and west with an unquestioning order to exterminate the population of the infected areas without exception, to carry out a “cleansing” among the descendants of the first wave of conquerors, that is, in fact, their own brothers. In the Bible, this campaign of the 15th century is described as the conquest of the "promised land" by the troops of Moses and Joshua. It was the second wave of world conquest that came out of Rus'. It is known in history as the Ottoman conquest.
Tension arose between the two capitals of the Empire, Veliky Novgorod (Yaroslavl) and Constantinople. The Russian-Horde khans looked with displeasure at their southern co-rulers, considering them guilty of the troubles that befell the Empire. The Russians did not like the "ancient" culture and customs, considering their "ancient" brothers to be limp, wallowing in pleasures, etc. Differences in faith began. War broke out. In 1453, Ottoman (Russian) troops took Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul.
The outbreak of resistance in Southern and Western Europe was brutally suppressed by the Ottoman troops. However, there was a heavy price to pay for this. Too many people were killed. Including the healthy population, since during the war the Cossacks were hardly able to distinguish the sick from the healthy. The tragic feelings of the people who survived this disaster were vividly reflected in the famous biblical book Apocalypse, the original version of which was created in 1486.
The Ottoman conquest (second wave) carried a very different ideology than the Great Conquest of the 14th century (first wave). If the conquerors of the first wave created "antiquity", then the Ottomans destroyed it. They believed that it was the freedom of morals of the 13th-14th centuries that led to mass infectious diseases, including venereal ones. The spirit of the Cossacks, who left Rus'-Horde for the second time, was already much more ascetic and severe. Subsequently, both modern Orthodoxy and modern Islam grew out of it.
In the first half of the 16th century, the Ottoman conquest ended in complete victory. The empire has reached its highest power.
In the middle of the 16th century, a rebellion spread in the Empire, which broke out initially in Western Europe (the wars of the Reformation). Efforts by the authorities to put down the rebellion were unsuccessful. Western European governors are openly separated from the center. The rebellion takes on unprecedented proportions. Rebellious moods penetrate into the inner circle of the king. A conspiracy is formed in the capital, as a result of which the rebels manage to split the royal family. In Russian chronicles, these events are described as the history of the "heresy of the Judaizing (cm. NOVGOROD-MOSCOW HERESY)": the heretic Elena Voloshanka (she is also the biblical Esther), disposes of Tsar Ivan III the Terrible (in fact, it was about Ivan IV the Terrible (cm. IVAN IV the Terrible) from the 16th century) and takes the place of his legal wife. The Russian Orthodox Church opposes heresy. There is a split in the state. Zemshchina (cm. ZEMSHCHINA)"supports the old order," oprichnina (cm. OPRICHNINA) supports heresy. At the end of the 16th century, the split was temporarily overcome and the heresy was crushed, but a few years later, at the beginning of the 17th century, Rus'-Horde plunged into the Great Troubles. The troops of the rebels, among whom there were especially many immigrants from Western Europe, act against Rus'. The old Russian-Horde royal dynasty and its inner circle, consisting of the Vladimir-Suzdal boyars, are dying. The Romanovs come to power in Moscow (cm. ROMANOVS), henchmen of the rebels. A strict occupational order is being established in the country. Serfdom is introduced, in fact, slavery of the main part of the common population. Almost all aspects of Russian life are undergoing strong changes towards "Western European standards". History is being rewritten everywhere. In particular, a false theory of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" in Rus' arises. The Romanovs deliberately set the peoples of Rus'-Horde against each other, driving a wedge between the Russians (Orthodox) and the Tatars (Muslims).
In Western Europe, the new rulers enter into a fierce battle for land and influence. Heavy wars break out, known today as the "Wars of the Spanish Succession". (cm. SPANISH HERITAGE)”, then “Wars of the Austrian Succession (cm. AUSTRIAN HERITAGE)" etc.
In order to justify their rights to the power seized and distributed among themselves, the new rulers were forced to rewrite the history of the past. The Great Medieval Russian Empire was, if possible, erased from the pages of chronicles, many important events were deliberately relegated to ancient times. The purpose of "correcting history" was, first of all, to prevent the possibility of restoring the old world order.
In the areas of the Empire that became independent of the former mother country, memories became more and more hazy over time. From the common for all world history of the 12th-16th centuries, many, at first glance, completely independent of each other, local histories of the "great Empires" were made. The Arabs began to think that they had their own, separate from the others, Arab Empire, the Germans wrote the history of the Holy Empire of the German nation, the Chinese - the history of the Celestial Empire, the Italians - the history of the ancient Roman Empire. At the same time, various chronological errors led to the fact that reflections of the same Great Empire were attributed to different historical eras.

With this material, we open a new series of articles by the writer and publicist Yegor Kholmogorov

Ch.I. New Chronology of the "New Chronology"

In Internet discussions, there is the well-known "Godwin's Law" - as the discussion grows, the probability of using the argument "you are Hitler" tends to one. I think it's time to introduce a similar "Law of Fomenkization of Discussions" in Runet.

It is formulated as follows: “As an Internet discussion that uses historical arguments grows, the probability of a commentator appearing with statements “All chronology is incorrect, all manuscripts are fake, all chronicles are fake, proven by scientists, not by liars historians, but by real mathematicians” tends to unit".

Most often, the law is implemented immediately at the beginning of the discussion. Like Voldemort in their name, Fomenkovites immediately fly in wherever the word "history" is mentioned, and the comment about "fake Rome" or "fake Romanov historiography" appears one of the first.

Even teachers at schools and universities sometimes fall into the new chronology and waste the precious time of their students not on acquiring positive knowledge, but on promoting the idea of ​​“forgery of history”.

Fomenkovism has acquired numerous imitations for more refined circles who do not want to eat the “battle of Kulishki”. Suffice it to name the texts of the famous writer and Internet troll Dmitry Galkovsky about the "fake" birch bark letters. Even non-Fomenkovites talk about “fake history” all the time, and the horizon of fake is moving closer and closer, now for some only the 19th century is genuine.

The "new chronology" has become a serious social problem, if not a disease. It hinders the dissemination of historical knowledge in society, it quenches interest in the past of Russia and Russians, it prevents the development of a healthy national identity for Russian people based on true history.

It can hardly be deceived that the Fomenkovites accompany this destructive activity with a drumbeat about the fact that Rus', being the Horde, once ruled the world, Yermak conquered America, and the Russian Tsars-Khans were buried in Egypt. The "Empire" fictitious by Nosovsky has no national, civilizational, religious face, it turns into a hodgepodge of peoples, languages ​​and religions. There is nothing Russian in the "Empire" of the Fomenkovites - it is a globalist-postmodernist empire of the present overturned into the past.

Fomenkovism is an intellectual and spiritual disease that needs to be treated. In the series of articles brought to your attention, we will first outline what the key theses of Fomenko-Nosovsky are, then we will trace what stages the “new chronology” has gone through in its development, then we will analyze, using specific examples, the methods of manipulating consciousness used by the Fomenkoites and, finally, we will formulate a systemic response to the challenges of the "new chronology".

Key postulates of the "new chronology"

1. It is argued that there was no antiquity, the idea of ​​​​it was formed in the Renaissance with the help of fakes or by referring the texts of the 16th-17th centuries to a much earlier time.
2. It is argued that our understanding of antiquity is obtained by doubling the characters and historical events of the Renaissance. That is why world history has such an allegedly “unnatural” look: highly developed culture of antiquity - the decline of culture in the Middle Ages - the revival of ancient culture by humanists and imitation (in fact, its creation anew).
3. It is argued that the modern chronology of historical events is incorrect, it was created by two scientists Scaliger and Petavius ​​at the end of the 16th - the middle of the 17th centuries, most likely with malicious intent. According to Fomenko, it is not confirmed by modern astronomical data. A classic example of such a discrepancy is the eclipse described by Thucydides and attributed by traditional chronology to 431 BC, and Fomenko to 1039.
4. Accordingly, it is argued that the history of mankind is much shorter than we think. It begins not earlier than the 11th century, and the historical process that we know acquires modern outlines ... here the data jumps, because in order to defend their theory, the Fomenkovites have to declare an increasing section of world history to be false, right up to the end of the 19th century.
5. It is argued that the texts on the basis of which our ideas about antiquity and the Middle Ages are formed are either fakes, some of which were created by Italian humanists in the 15th-16th centuries, or reproductions of duplicates of historical chronicles rewritten with other names, dates and details. In the newest version of NH, contrary to earlier assertions, it is said that the ancient authors are authentic, but we simply misunderstand their texts, as we are under the spell of the "Scaligerian" chronology.
6. It is argued that the fact of falsification of historical chronicles is allegedly proved by the unique mathematical and statistical model of analysis of narrative texts developed by Fomenko, which shows that “dynastic flows”, that is, the terms of reign and the main events of the life of monarchs in historical chronicles of different times and origins, coincide, which means that before us are the same characters, reflected and duplicated in different chronicles. Thus, the streams of early and late Roman emperors are allegedly identical, where Pompey corresponds to Diocletian, Augustus to Constantine, Caligula to Julian the Apostate. The Palaiologos and Plantagenet dynasties coincide. The Rurikoviches after Alexander Nevsky and the Habsburgs who ruled Germany, etc. coincide.
7. It is argued that the global “falsification” of world history discovered by Fomenko covers up the true facts that formed the basis of its own historical myth, which began to be actively developed from the moment when Gleb Nosovsky joined Fomenko as a co-author. This myth is based on a global conspiracy theory. There was the Great Empire "Rus-Horde", which was ruled by the Russian-Mongolian kings-khans, and the Cossacks were its military class. This empire covered Eurasia, Africa, Ermak-Cortes conquered America for it, its religion was Christianity, based on the veneration of Christ-Andronicus Komnenos, who was killed in Constantinople-Jerusalem, gradually Islam, Buddhism, Judaism and others were separated from this religion. In the 16th century, a separatist rebellion in the West began against this empire, now called the Reformation, then the power in the Empire was seized by the insidious Romanovs, who destroyed the memory of the true past, falsified all history and made Russia a colony of the separatist West. The last resistance movements of the imperial soldiers were the Cossack uprisings of Razin and Pugachev. The Western separatists and the Romanovs carried out a total forgery of all history, sending the chronicles of the events of the recent past into the distant past, forging and reprinting all books with false dates. Enemies have formed a myth about the confrontation between Russia and Turkey, Orthodoxy and Islam, in order to prevent the restoration of the Empire. Only fragments of information have survived to us, such as maps on which Rus' is designated as "Tartaria", and Fomenko and Nosovsky dig for us these grains of genuine information from under the veil of lies.

New Chronology "New Chronology"

The history of the "New Chronology" went through 4 stages that differ significantly from each other.

1. Nikolay Morozov. 1900-1930s Masonic fantasy.

At this stage, the revolutionary and freemason Nikolai Morozov (1854-1946), who spent 23 years in the Peter and Paul and Shlisselburg fortresses, formulated a general concept of denying the authenticity of ancient history, based on the subjective interpretation of a number of astronomical data.

Photo: www.globallookpress.com

Morozov stated that the biblical books are zodiacs, that is, a record of the location of the constellations at the time the books were compiled, and began to calculate the dates when such zodiacs could be seen in the sky. Morozov rejected all ancient literature, saying that it was falsified in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. He was the first to state the thesis that the early Roman emperors were copies of the later ones. The Bible books, however, Morozov considered not a falsification, but an encrypted record of astronomical phenomena, on the basis of which he would transfer them.

In his works “Revelation in Thunderstorm and Storm” and “Christ”, Morozov transferred Christ from the 1st century to the 4th, identified him with St. Basil the Great and declared that he was not crucified, but subjected to “pillars”, and “Apocalypse” was composed by St. John Chrysostom. It is not difficult to see that Christianity was at the forefront of Morozov's blow, and the main thing he wanted to achieve was to discredit the religious faith.

At the same time, in general, Morozov’s constructions are a typical product of the scientistic occultism widespread at the beginning of the 20th century, which was represented by such different figures as the Bolshevik “god-builders” - the red vampire A. Bogdanov and the head of the People’s Commissariat for Education Lunacharsky, the occult decadent Bryusov.

Morozov believed that world history was driven by a secret order of astrologers, and he himself tried to revive alchemy based on Mendeleev's periodic law - to turn one substance into another by changing the composition of the atom. Academician Sergei Ivanovich Vavilov rightly called it "chemical fantasies."

2.Mikhail Postnikov. 1960s-1970s Mathematicians are joking.

Soviet mathematician M.M. Postnikov (1927-2004) became interested in the works of Morozov in the 1960s, willingly read extensive lectures about them, tried to arrange discussions with historians, who, however, avoided these discussions. And not so much because of the wildness of ideas, but because of the amateurish level of their presentation. Postnikov himself quotes a review by Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov, a man who is quite capable of appreciating fantasy and unorthodox theories: “We, historians, do not meddle in mathematics and we ask you, mathematicians, not to meddle in history!”

The main achievements of Postnikov in the field of "new chronology" was the formulation the principle of continuous evolutionary growth of knowledge, which, in his opinion, contradicts the historical failure of the "dark ages", and this, in his opinion, meant that the entire period of brilliant cultural flowering in antiquity was fictional and falsified in the Renaissance, and history began from a low level in III-IV centuries of our era, as Morozov taught.

In addition, Postnikov developed the method of "dynastic flows" - to compare data on the duration and nature of the reigns of representatives of different dynasties of different times in order to isolate duplicate sections. In this way, Postnikov, in his opinion, proved not only that the early Roman Empire was a phantom duplicate of the later one, but also that the Spartan kings were a reflection of the rulers of the late Byzantine Mistra, located in the same place.

The degree of Postnikov's historical competence is extremely low, as he claims the falsity of certain works of ancient authors, but, as a rule, incorrectly, with a late shift, he names the dates of their first printed editions. His intellectual tools are extracts from popular science books on the history of the Soviet publication.

According to Postnikov's lectures, another mathematician, Anatoly Fomenko, got acquainted with the new chronology, and at a certain moment they created a joint group on the “new chronology” with Postnikov, one of their joint texts was even published by Yuri Lotman in the “Works on sign systems” of the University of Tartu, which caused a scandal at the level of the Central Committee of the Party and the Academy of Sciences.

Postnikov compiled his three-volume work “A Critical Study of the Chronology of the Ancient World”, reproduced by INION in 1977 (published by Moscow: Kraft, Lean, 2000), but he did not get the glory of the discoverer. She all went away to Fomenko, who broke with him.

If Postnikov remained an orthodox Morozovian, starting his alternative history from late antiquity, then Fomenko went for a radical revision of the Morozov concept, starting a new stage in the history of the “new chronology”. At the same time, in Fomenko's publications, one can still find excerpts from Postnikov's work, given, as a rule, without any indication of the source. For example, in a huge compendium on the "new Chronology" - "Rus and Rome: New Chronology. Russian-Horde Empire” (vols. 1-2 M.: AST, 2007) Postnikov not mentioned never.

III. Anatoly Fomenko. 1980s - early 1990s Andronic Shinrikyo sect

Anatoly Fomenko, retaining the foundations of Postnikov's argumentation and methodology, significantly radicalized their conclusions. Not only ancient, but also the entire medieval history was put under demolition. Fomenko stated that he developed methods of statistical analysis of narrative texts, which prove that most of the historical chronicles are corrected duplicates of each other with characters duplicating each other. His "global chronology" claimed to explain the origin of the entire variety of pictures of historical events from only four original chronicles, which were recombined and rewritten, reflected in each other.

Since Fomenko’s works began to appear during the crisis of Soviet historical science with its scholastic Marxist schemes and extreme dullness of presentation, Fomenko’s theory received a warm welcome: firstly, it fit into the big narrative of exposing everything and everything, which took place under the slogan “they hid from us”, secondly, it was especially warmly received by the “techies”, as it created the illusion that they understood history better than “those lousy humanities”.

And since it was at this moment that the real social default of techies occurred - the institutes and factories of the military-industrial complex were closed, salaries were not paid, then Fomenkovism was one of the forms of ressentiment of this class that suddenly lost its place in society and self-esteem. In fact, it was a form of flight from history, and indeed from reality, similar to the spread of rigid totalitarian sects in the same period - the white brotherhood, Aum-shinrikyo, etc. The very concept of declaring the Byzantine emperor Andronicus Komnenos, a usurper, murderer and pedophile, as Christ, could not alienate society only in such vaguely ignorant times as the era of perestroika and the early post-Soviet period.

However, Fomenko's problem was that he introduced a predominantly negative, nihilistic content into the "new chronology" - the destruction of the old narrative, framed by many graphs and implicated in the criticism of such an esoteric and incomprehensible text as Claudius Ptolemy's Almagest. The Fomenko region was in dire need of its own positive myth, its own narrative, which appeared with the coming to the fore of Fomenko's constant co-author Gleb Nosovsky.

IV. Gleb Nosovsky. 1995 - present temp. "MMM" folk history

The mathematician Gleb Nosovsky published works on the “new chronology” as early as the 1980s, trying to date the Council of Nicaea and Paschal. As a parishioner of the Old Believer Church (from which he was excommunicated after the publication of works obviously incompatible with Orthodoxy), he showed a keen interest in religious issues.

His name is associated with the transformation of the "new chronology" from a destructive parahistorical theory into a full-fledged "folk history" with all its elements - a large narrative, folk etymologies of names and titles, revealing secret enemy conspiracies, miraculous transformations of characters, confusion of history and mythology, when in in one stream the Trojan War, the Nibellungenlied and the policy of the Habsburgs are analyzed.

Gradually, this folk-historical content in the "new chronology" is growing - in fact, nihilistic historical criticism is now used only as a prelude to the theory of the "Romanov conspiracy" against Russian history, from under which the authors get us "true facts" that Rus' this is both the Horde and Rome, that Ermak and Fernand Cortes are the same person, that the Arab coins found on the territory of Rus' are Russian coins.

At its core, Nosovsky's concept is a radical Fomenkized transcription of Lev Gumilyov's Eurasian concept, popular in the 1980s and 1990s, about the organic coexistence of Rus' and the Golden Horde, about the Eurasian alliance against the West, etc. Himself prone to historical mythologizing, Gumilyov would certainly have been pretty annoyed to learn that his complex schemes for establishing the proximity and interconnection of Rus' and the Horde were replaced by their rough identification to the point of Baty - this is the “father” ataman, and Dmitry Donskoy is Tokhtamysh.

Monument to Dmitry Donskoy. Photo: Natalia Sidorova / Shutterstock.com

During this period, the "New Chronology" actually turned into a commercial cult, similar to many sects and built on the principle of a "pyramid" - it is necessary to continuously maintain the interest of readers, and for this to come out with new and new revelations, to reveal more and more secrets, to cover all new and new areas. In addition, the increase in the amount of material and absurd statements to an impossible degree makes it possible to almost completely paralyze criticism, since the subject of the dispute is blurred and a single point of reference is lost. What yesterday was a "falsification" today turns out to be a "secret message" in which there are signs of truth that only need to be deciphered. But if any facts are found in this “message” that reveal the falsity of the Fomenkov hypothesis, then these are, of course, late interpolations. Hence the method of actual spam, when Fomenkovism attracts more and more topics and statements that allegedly prove its main theses.

In the Fomenkov concept, a “game for promotion” began in terms of rhetorical flirting with patriotism, they say, only the Fomenkov version of history reveals the true greatness of Rus', and those who disagree with it are participants in a Russophobic conspiracy. The fact that there is no talk of any Rus' at all, that Fomenkovism is destroying it, readers stunned by pseudo-Slavophile chatter do not even think about it. This stage, when the "new chronology" exists as an ever-expanding factory of quasi-historical myths, continues to this day.

The followers of the "new chronology", as a rule, are divided into two pronounced types, even if they themselves do not admit it to themselves - into fomenkovites and Nosovites. Representatives of the first type are more interested in the theory of forgery of antiquity, the falsity of chronology, and a skeptical attitude towards historical sources. Most of the epigones of Fomenkovism also, as a rule, take the first, nihilistic position. Representatives of the second type are more interested in the myth of the former great Empire, the search for information about it, encrypted in various sources that have come down to us.

It is important to understand that the Fomenkovskaya and Nosovskaya parts of the New Chronology fundamentally contradict each other both in their general spirit and methodology. One is historical nihilism, the other is historical myth-making.

For example, within the framework of Fomenkov's destructive methodology, it is "obvious" that Herodotus, Josephus Flavius, as well as other ancient historians, are a falsification of the Renaissance. At the same time, within the framework of the Nosov historical myth, it is no less “obvious” that Herodotus is a real author who lived in the 16th century, who can serve as a valuable source according to the “Empire” information, if it is correctly interpreted, the problem is not in fake, but in misinterpretation of it by "medieval scholastics". Nosovsky draws information from Joseph Flavius ​​with both hands, for example, he finds a story about Stenka Razin from him.

Within the framework of co-authorship, whose constructions claim to be scientific and true, such opposite models could not coexist. But, since NX is a commercial cult in which the authors are least interested in the truth, most of the publications of Fomenko-Nosovsky are a text-centaur, where two contradictory methodologies and historical mythologies live in adjacent chapters. However, due to the higher productivity, the “nosovskaya” part of this centaur is gradually spreading due to the Fomenkovskaya one.

In the next article, we will talk about the methods of manipulating consciousness, up to direct falsifications, used by the authors of the New Chronology to involve adherents in their sect.

The chronology and history of the ancient and medieval world, finally created in the 16th century AD and accepted today, apparently contains major errors.
This was understood and discussed over a long period by many eminent scientists. But building a new, consistent concept of chronology proved to be a difficult task.
Starting in 1975, a group of mathematicians, mainly from Moscow State University, took up the development of this problem. Interesting results were obtained, published both in scientific periodicals and in the form of individual monographs. We emphasize that the new concept of chronology is based, first of all, on the analysis of historical sources BY THE METHODS OF MODERN MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS and extensive COMPUTER CALCULATIONS.
The task of chronology is to correctly order events on the timeline according to the information at our disposal. This problem naturally fits into the field of applications of modern mathematical statistics and information theory. The methods of the purely human sciences, such as history, are insufficient for solving chronological problems. The new chronology dictates a different psychological picture of the perception of antiquity. Now the word "antiquity" should be associated with the XV-XVII centuries AD, that is, with events that are 300-400 years away from us. The expression "deep antiquity" should now refer to the XIII-XIV centuries AD. And the words "deepest antiquity" are already XI-XII centuries AD. BEFORE X-XI CENTURIES A.D. THE AGE OF SILENCE OF WRITTEN DOCUMENTS IS COMING. (See the book RECONSTRUCTION).
Our analysis of chronology and history has revealed a striking circumstance. On the basis of the mathematical methods applied by us, it was proved that the Scaligerian chronology, and consequently the Scaligerian history of "ancient" and the Middle Ages, is fundamentally wrong. Moreover, it turned out that our history up to the end of the 16th century was deliberately falsified in the epoch of the 17th-18th centuries.

BOOKS ON THE NEW CHRONOLOGY

Quite a lot of books have been written on the New Chronology. We emphasize that the New Chronology is not yet a well-established, rapidly developing science, and books are published as it develops. It is precisely this that explains why the books on the New Chronology still cannot be built into a single general chain, without repetition, setting out everything from A to Z. Nevertheless, the authors make considerable efforts to do this. As a result, the SEVEN-VOLUME "First Canon" [CHRON1]-[CHRON7] was created under the general editorship of A.T.Fomenko, in which everything that was done in the New Chronology until 2002 is fully described.
The text of the SEMITOMNIK is fully laid out on this site (see links on the right).
Moreover, the search in the window at the top of this page works on it.
However, at the present time the Seven Volumes is far from exhausting what has been done in the New Chronology.
If we talk about all the books in general but the New Chronology, then some of them are outdated and are no longer reprinted, some repeat the previous ones in an updated and revised form, some are popular or abridged presentations of other books, some are full-color illustrated editions.
Nevertheless, today it is possible to single out books - which can be conditionally called the "GOLDEN ROW". Since 2006, they have been issued in golden covers (with the only exception of "The Baptism of Rus", which came out in a dark cover). These books are written "in the fresh wake" of our research and contain ONLY NEW developments (with the exception of the publication "Rus and Rome", which is discussed below).
At the same time, the "golden" books (except for "Rus and Rome") are not intended for initial study, since they assume that the reader is familiar with both the basics of the New Chronology and the earlier books of the "Golden Row".

The books of the SEVEN-VOLUMES and the "golden" books that continue it should be read in the following sequence:

SEMITOMNIK:
A1. Foundations of history
A2. Methods
A3. Stars
A4. New chronology of Rus'
A5. Empire
A6. Biblical Rus'
A7. Reconstruction

Further studies on the New Chronology fall into two series (B and D), which can be read independently of each other.:

B5. Cossacks-arias: from Rus' to India
B6. Imperial Rome between the Oka and Volga rivers
B7. Christ and Russia
B8. The conquest of America by Yermak-Cortes and the revolt of the Reformation through the eyes of the "ancient" Greeks
B9. Lost Gospels
B10. Split of the Empire
B12. Hercules
B13. Prophet Conqueror
B14. Old maps of the Great Russian Empire
B15. Shahnameh

The book "Moscow in the light of the New Chronology", although it belongs to the "golden series", but, unlike the "golden" books listed above, is not dedicated to new discoveries, but to the city of Moscow in the light of the New Chronology. It collects and streamlines everything that we wrote about Moscow in our other books on a variety of occasions.

• "Rus' and Rome"(there is an edition in two large volumes and another, cheaper edition in seven small ones). In an abbreviated, popular form, the content of the SEVEN-VOLUME "First Canon" is presented.
• Series "New Chronology for All". Written as a TEXTBOOK on the new chronology, covering, among other things, its most recent achievements.
  The series began airing in 2007. By 2010, 10 small format volumes had been published. The publication continues.
• Series "New chronology. Small series". It consists of small paperback books, each of which is devoted to only one, but the key issue for understanding our history. All books of the Small series are written in such a way that they can be read independently of each other, as well as from other books on the New Chronology. This series is intended, in particular, for those who want, without spending a lot of time, to get acquainted with the essence of the matter on separate striking examples and understand whether it is interesting to him or not.

A complete list of out-of-print books on the New Chronology - including those that are no longer reprinted - can be viewed by clicking on the link<<Список книг по НХ (в том числе те, которые уже не переиздаются) >> .

Below on this page are all the books on the New Chronology that are currently on sale. At the top, we post announcements of new books as they come out.

A.T.Fomenko, G.V.Nosovsky