Algorithm for inserting an oropharyngeal airway. Features of the use and installation of flexible air ducts Application of air ducts

By cross-sectional shape Air ducts are rectangular, square and round. They are made from straight and shaped components. The dimensions and types of air ducts are established in departmental building codes (VSN) 353-86 “Design and use of air ducts from standardized parts”, TU 36-736-93 “Metal ventilation ducts”, SNiP 2.04.05-91 “Heating, ventilation systems, air conditioning” "

By manufacturing method air ducts are distinguished: o seam - connected by seam seams (Fig. 6.25). The thickness of the metal for seam air ducts should not exceed 2 mm for aluminum, 1 mm for corrosion-resistant steel;

o welded - connected by an overlap weld, the thickness of the metal with this type of connection is in the range of 1-3 mm.

Round air ducts are available in diameters 100, 110, 125, 140, 160, 180, 200, 225, 250, 280, 315, 355, 400, 450, 500, 560, 630, 710, 800, 900, 1000, 1250, 1400, 1600, 1800 and 2000 mm.

For rectangular air ducts, all values ​​of the specified dimensions are used, but it is advisable to adhere to the following values: 100,150,200,250,300,400,500,600,800,1000,1250,1600,2000 mm.

The connection of individual parts of round air ducts to each other is carried out using flanging bands for duct diameters up to 800 mm and using angle steel flanges for larger diameters. Rectangular air ducts with a side less than 1600 mm are connected on profiled tires using four bolts in the corners and additional latches if the side is more than 1600 mm.

By material, from which they are made, air ducts are divided into the following groups:

o seam air ducts made of thin-sheet galvanized steel 1 mm thick (without painting); o seam air ducts made of thin-sheet black steel 1 mm thick, followed by painting inside and outside with GF-021 primer;

Rice. 6.25. Sequence of operations for manufacturing seam connections of air ducts: A- single fold; 6 - single fold with clamp

o welded air ducts made of thin sheet steel with a thickness of 1.2-3.0 mm, followed by painting with GF-021 primer; o seam and welded air ducts made of corrosion-resistant steel (usually grade X18N9T) with a thickness of 0.5 to 3 without painting;

o seam air ducts made of titanium (p = 4500 kg/m 3), which have the highest corrosion resistance and are used to move aggressive media; o seam air ducts made of metal-plastic, clad on one or both sides with PVC or PVC film. With one-sided coating, the film is placed inside the air duct with an aggressive environment.

For conventional general exchange systems, seam air ducts made of galvanized steel are usually installed. Welded air ducts are used for increased density requirements (smoke exhaust shafts, air ducts passing through rooms with explosion hazard categories A and B) and when moving air with a temperature above 80 °C.

Flexible fabric (reinforced) air ducts, which have become widespread in recent years, make it possible to avoid complex adjustments at the point of connection from the mains to the air distributors and grilles.

There are the following types of fabric air ducts: o airtight fabric ducts made of 100% polyester - air is supplied to the room through the entire surface of the air ducts;

o airtight fabric channels with perforations - injectors - air is supplied to the room through special holes in the air duct material.

The speed of the air flow through the airtight material does not exceed 0.01-0.5 m/s, the speed of the air leaving the cracks is 4-10 m/s, through the perforated holes (injectors) 7-13 m/s.

The ducts are inflated by the air flow and distribute it evenly along the length of the duct. They have significant noise absorption capacity and trap all dust particles larger than 5 microns. They can be used in rooms with a high air exchange rate, without creating local areas with increased air mobility. Such air ducts can be easily dismantled, washed or cleaned.

They are made: cylindrical in shape (for intensive air exchange without drafts), semicircular in shape (for rooms with low ceilings), the size of a quarter of the section of a circle (installed along the perimeter of the room), with a diameter of 100 to 1000 mm and a length of up to 100 m, of varying densities, allowing change the air supply from 160 to 500 m 3 / h at a static pressure inside the air duct of 100 Pa.

Fabric air ducts can be installed in one work shift. Sections of air ducts (5 m long) are joined together using zippers. Air ducts are suspended using tensioned cables or slats. In the latter case, the fastening of the air ducts is more rigid and the air duct retains its shape without air supply.

Indications: ARF in coma of any etiology, accompanied by loss of cough and gag reflexes. Method of administration. The air duct is selected according to the child’s age and inserted into the oral cavity with the curved side towards the tongue. When the airway reaches the back wall of the pharynx, it is rotated 180°, and it presses the root of the tongue and the epiglottis, creating a free airway.

The criterion for the correct position of the airway is free spontaneous breathing or unimpeded mechanical ventilation.

Complications: displacement of the air duct followed by asphyxia, vomiting and laryngospasm when pharyngeal reflexes are restored.

Tracheal intubation is indicated for acute ventilation respiratory failure of III - IV degree, primary resuscitation, the need for mechanical ventilation lasting more than 5 minutes or sanitation of the tracheobronchial tree during aspiration of breast milk, gastric contents, endobronchitis, bacterial pneumonia, laryngostenosis of III degree.

Tracheal intubation without preliminary drug preparation is carried out only during primary resuscitation. In all other cases, an age-specific dose of atropine sulfate is administered to the patient intravenously or into the muscles of the floor of the mouth. The required degree of muscle relaxation is achieved by injection of seduxen or sodium hydroxybutyrate followed by hyperventilation.

In emergency settings, children have little or no need to use muscle relaxants for endotracheal intubation. The trachea is intubated after the patient's mouth and pharynx are cleared. If possible, before intubation, hyperventilate with 100% oxygen for 1 - 2 minutes using a breathing bag and mask.

“Emergency care in pediatrics”, E.K. Tsybulkin

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In order to choose the right pipe products for ventilation ducts, you need to understand which pipes are used for pipelines for this purpose, what their advantages and disadvantages are, and what to consider during installation so that an important engineering system works without failures.

Air ducts perform an important function - they ensure the outflow and inflow of air in a building, so the performance of ventilation directly depends on their parameters. There are a number of requirements for pipes for the engineering system; they must:

• be completely sealed;
• meet sanitary standards for noise levels (aerodynamic hum);
• comply with design calculations (ensure the passage of air masses at a certain speed and maintain the design pressure);
• meet thermal insulation requirements.

Air ducts should be as compact as possible so that the internal engineering system does not take up useful space in the premises.

Functions and classification of air ducts

Air ducts are the main element of ventilation; they provide the inflow and outflow of air masses, that is, they essentially replace exhaust air with fresh air.

The construction market offers a wide range of pipes for ventilation: they have different sections and sizes, and are made from various materials.

Types of air ducts by material

Metal and plastic are popular and in demand on the market, but there are also relatively new composite elements.

Plastic

Inexpensive plastic air ducts are in demand in private construction. Such rigid pipes are created from a number of polymers with specific features:

Maintaining a comfortable indoor microclimate is impossible without air circulation. To solve this problem, buildings are equipped with ventilation systems. An important component of such communications are considered to be air ducts through which flows move.

Depending on the tasks performed, such devices may differ in design, parameters, material of manufacture and other features. When planning the installation of a ventilation system, it is worth paying special attention to the choice of air ducts - the installation technology, efficiency and reliability of the complex depend on this.

Don't know which air ducts are best to use for ventilation? We will help you in this matter. The article describes a detailed classification of different types of ventilation ducts and outlines the specifics of their application and installation. In addition, we have listed practical tips for assembling a duct system yourself.

The term “air ducts” refers to specially made channels for ventilation, thanks to which air masses are supplied in a certain direction. Through such devices, oxygen is supplied to the interior of a residential or industrial premises, CO 2 and other contaminants are removed.

In such systems, it is usually possible to regulate the intensity of the supply of air masses and their pressure using valves.

Various types of devices designed for air circulation are successfully used in residential buildings, in industrial spaces, as well as in public buildings

There are two ways to solve the air circulation problem:

• Option #1. In this case, natural or forced ventilation is limited, providing one exhaust duct to remove used air. New items enter through technological openings and/or doors and windows.
• Option No. 2. A more complex and effective design is considered to involve the laying of two channels located separately from each other. Fresh air flows through one of them, and used air is removed through the other.

Often, several types of air ducts are used in one ventilation communication, which make up a complex network with various branches, shafts, and sleeves.

Equipment classification criteria

The widespread use of such devices in various areas of residential and industrial construction determines the huge range of these products. The main categories and size range of air ducts are given in regulatory documents TU 36-736-93, SNiP 2.04.05-91, VSN 353-86.

Taking various features as a basis, we can identify several criteria by which ventilation products are classified.

Criterion No. 1 – by installation method

Depending on the installation method, two main types of structures can be distinguished:

• external air ducts laid along the facades of buildings;
• built-in channels or shafts for ventilation.

External air ducts– attached/suspended boxes, which are made from pipes and other parts, and can have various shapes and parameters. The selection of elements is influenced by the design features of the building and the design of the industrial/residential premises.

Built-in channels, intended for ventilation, are usually mounted in the walls of buildings. In this case, the inner surface of the shaft must be absolutely smooth, since any obstacles, for example, residual mortar, interfere with the free movement of air masses.

To be able to carry out regular inspections, a technological hole is left in the lower part of the channel.

Criterion No. 2 – based on the material of manufacture

Depending on the scope of use, ventilation system elements made of different materials can be used, namely:

• galvanized steel;
• of stainless steel;
• various types of polymers;
• metal-plastic.

Galvanized elements well suited for use in temperate climates, in the absence of aggressive factors. The application of zinc protects the steel from rust, which ensures the durability of such products.

Resistance to water vapor prevents the formation of mold, making this option recommended for use in bathrooms, catering establishments and other places with traditionally high moisture content.

Air ducts stainless steel(heat-resistant or fine-fiber) can be used to transport air flows in an aggressive environment at ultra-high temperatures - up to 500°C.

Typically, such elements are used in heavy industry - metallurgical, mining and processing enterprises.

Subtleties of ventilation network installation

The circuit must contain a minimum of connections. Air ducts are connected using two methods: flanged and wafer.

Flange connection. Parts with flanges located at the edges are fastened with screws or rivets, which are located at a distance of 20 cm from each other. To make the seams stronger, they can also be welded.

Wafer method consists of connecting parts using a bandage made of metal slats. This method is considered more economical because it allows you to quickly assemble the structure with minimal use of additional components.

What should you pay attention to?

The assembly of the air duct from rigid parts should be carried out in the following sequence:

1. Before carrying out work, the system must be divided into several blocks. The length of each of them should not exceed 15 meters.
2. Connection points are marked on all parts of the site - air ducts, shaped elements.
3. At these points, holes of the required diameter are drilled.
4. Clamps secured with bolts are connected to them. The joints are treated with special tape or sealing compound.
5. Then the complete installation of connecting components and air ducts is carried out into a single unit, which is secured with clamps and other parts.
6. The assembled unit is lifted and suspended on a bracket or other fastener.
7. The element is connected to a previously completed ventilation section, and the diameter of the seams must be sealed.

Installation of a system made of flexible or semi-rigid elements is somewhat simpler, since in this case it is easier to make turns and bends. It is important not to forget to carefully seal the seams.

The distance between the air duct fastenings is 1.8 meters when the system is placed vertically and 1 meter when placed horizontally. The permissible sagging rate of a flexible element is 5 cm per 1 meter

When assembling a system from flexible semi-rigid elements, you need to pay attention to the following details:

• Before installation, the fully flexible element should be stretched;
• When stretching a corrugated hose, it is important to follow the direction of air movement indicated on the pipe packaging;
• When placing the air duct, you need to avoid its proximity to heating systems;
• the bending radius must correspond to twice the diameter of the duct or exceed this figure;
• The sections are fastened using plastic clamps, foil tape, hangers, and clamps. All joints should be carefully sealed;
• When laying the system through a wall, you need to use special adapters - sleeves.

Installation of air ducts can be carried out both with and without insulation. Thermal insulation prevents condensation from forming in the supply ducts, so it is recommended to do it when laying ventilation elements in unheated rooms or outside buildings.

If the air duct is installed in a living room where it is desirable to maintain a reduced noise level - a study, a bedroom, a children's room, you should think about sound insulation. A good effect is achieved by using air ducts with large wall thicknesses, as well as wrapping structural elements with sound-absorbing materials.

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

In the presented video you can hear a specialist’s opinion about plastic air ducts and tips for their installation:

When choosing ventilation elements, you need to carefully consider the layout of the system. Based on the plan, it is necessary to determine the design features of the air ducts, their diameter, throughput, fastening methods and other factors.

It is necessary to take into account what types of communications are already laid in the house, as well as the material of the walls, ceilings or other parts of the building along which it is supposed to lay a network that ensures air circulation.

Do you have anything to add, or do you have questions about the selection and installation of ventilation air ducts? You can leave comments on the publication, participate in discussions and share your own experience of completing the work. The contact form is located in the lower block.

INDICATIONS

Acute respiratory failure due to obstruction at the level of the oropharynx, retraction of the tongue when the patient is unconscious, coma of any etiology with loss of cough and gag reflexes, choanal atresia, Pierre-Robin syndrome, the need to keep the child’s mouth open for effective artificial pulmonary ventilation (ALV).

CONTRAINDICATIONS

No evidence.

LOCATION OF THE PROCEDURE

Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of maternity hospitals, intensive care unit (ICU).

COMPOSITION OF THE TEAM CONDUCTING MANIPULATION

The manipulation is carried out by a neonatologist or anesthesiologist-resuscitator and a ward nurse.

EQUIPMENT

Air ducts.

TECHNIQUE

Select an air duct appropriate for the child’s age and wear sterile gloves.

Child position: on the back with a bolster under the shoulders.

Open the newborn's mouth and gently move the airway along the surface of the tongue. Make sure that the tube does not push the tongue towards the back of the throat.

The criterion for the correct position of the airway is free spontaneous breathing or unimpeded ventilation.

COMPLICATIONS

Trauma to the mucous membrane, bleeding, displacement of the air duct followed by asphyxia, vomiting and laryngospasm during the restoration of pharyngeal reflexes.

7. Pleural puncture

INDICATIONS

Intrapleural tension, diagnostic.

CONTRAINDICATIONS (relative)

Infectious skin lesion at the site of the intended puncture

LOCATION

Dressing room of a surgical hospital, sterile conditions (planned)

According to the situation (urgent)

BRIGADE COMPOSITION

Doctor, assistant, dressing (operating room) nurse.

EQUIPMENT

Sterile napkins, diaper, syringe 5-10 ml for injection No. 1, local anesthetic (Novocaine 0.25%), surgical clamp, container for anesthetic, needle for pleural puncture with elastic adapter, syringe 20-50 ml No. 2 with cannula under puncture needle and adapter, tray for used material.

TECHNIQUE

The assistant fixes the child, preferably in a sitting position, so as to provide the surgeon with access to any point on the chest wall on the affected side.

After processing the surgical field, layer-by-layer local anesthesia of soft tissues is administered in the projection of the puncture. The classic puncture site is the 5th-6th intercostal space along the mid-axillary line.

Skin anesthesia is performed with syringe No. 1 at the level of the underlying rib, then the needle is passed along its upper edge while simultaneously anesthetizing the tissues. A syringe No. 2, 1/3 filled with novocaine, is connected to the puncture needle through an adapter.

Puncture of the pleural cavity is performed at the site of anesthesia in compliance with the same rules.

After puncturing the parietal pleura, a small volume of novocaine is injected into the pleural cavity.

Subsequently, the syringe is used in evacuation mode with periodic pinching of the adapter. The manipulation ends after removing the needle by applying a sterile sealed bandage.

COMPLICATIONS

Anaphylactic shock to anesthetic. damage to the intercostal vessel with internal bleeding.